We previously reported a novel SAR campaign that converted a metabolically unstable series of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist bicyclic core peptidomimetics with promising analgesic activity and reduced abuse liabilities into a more stable series of benzylic core analogues. Herein, we expanded the SAR of that campaign and determined that the incorporation of amines into the benzylic pendant produces enhanced MOR-efficacy in this series, whereas the reincorporation of an aromatic ring into the pendant enhanced MOR-potency. Two compounds, which contain a piperidine (14) or an isoindoline (17) pendant, retained the desired opioid profile in vitro, possessed metabolic half-lives of greater than 1 h in mouse liver microsomes (MLMs), and were active antinociceptive agents in the acetic acid stretch assay (AASA) at subcutaneous doses of 1 mg/kg.

List of Abbreviations: conditioned place preference (CPP); delta-opioid (DOPr); ethylketocyclazocine (EKC); Food and Drug Administration (FDA); kappa-opioid receptors (KOPr); mu-opioid receptor (MOPr); nociceptin receptor (NOPr); percentage of maximum possible effect (% MPE); Warm Water Tail Withdrawal (WWTW).

Clinically used opioids are effective analgesics but are highly associated with many adverse effects including physical dependence, tolerance development, rewarding properties and respiratory depression, the cause of opioid‐related overdoses and deaths. The goal of this study is to evaluate tolerance development to centrally and peripherally‐acting mu‐opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. In this study, we used a model of acute, peripherally‐mediated visceral pain, the acetic acid stretch assay (AASA) and an inflammatory model of pain measuring mechanical allodynia using von Frey monofilaments. In the AASA, loperamide and morphine displayed acute antinociceptive effects with ED50 values of 0.62 and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively. Naloxone pretreatment attenuated the acute antinociceptive effects of both loperamide and morphine. Following 5 days of 2x daily drug administration, the ED50 for the loperamide and morphine dose effect curves were shifted to the right. In the model of inflammatory pain, acute administration of loperamide was ineffective at doses up to 3.2mg/kg. Morphine produced dose‐dependent acute antinociceptive effects in this assay with an ED50 of 4.2mg/kg. This effect was attenuated by naloxone but was not altered by naloxone‐methiodide. Following 5 days of 3x daily administration of morphine, the ED50 of the morphine dose effect curve was shifted 3.5 fold to the right. Interestingly, pretreatments of naloxone‐methiodide prior to each chronic morphine injection prevented the rightward shift in the morphine dose effect curve following chronic morphine treatment. These results suggest that repeated activation of peripheral opioid receptors produce tolerance and that peripheral opioid receptors may be involved in the development of tolerance to morphine.