The paper describes the development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale (RBTSSS), a measure designed to assess the psychological and emotional stress reactions to racism and racial discrimination. Scale items were derived from existing measures of race-related stress and models of trauma, and were tested on a 330 racially heterogeneous (e.g., Blacks, White, Asian, and Hispanic) adult sample. Exploratory Factor Analyses with oblique rotations revealed a 52-item measure consisting of seven scales; Depression, Anger, Physical Reactions, Avoidance, Intrusion, Hypervigilance/Arousal, and Low Self-Esteem. The findings are consistent with symptom clusters associated with the conceptual model of race-based traumatic stress. The RBTSSS adds a tool to counseling assessment by providing mental health professionals a way to assess the emotional reactions of racism and racial discrimination. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the extent to which racial identity attitudes mediate the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms in Men of Color. The mediating role of racial identity was tested in Study 1 with a sample of Black men and in Study 2 with a sample of Asian and Latino men. The results of Study 1 provided support for full mediation, whereas in Study 2 evidence was found for partial mediation. The combination of the studies' findings underscores the importance of considering the extent to which Men of Color identify with their own racial group when examining the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms.

A recent article, “Rethinking Individualism and Collectivism: Evaluation of Theoretical Assumptions and Meta‐Analyses” (D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, & M. Kemmelmeier, 2002), revealed that 170 studies have been conducted on the worldview dimensions of individualism and collectivism. The authors' analyses of the studies provided empirical support for the theoretical notion posited by numerous multicultural counseling scholars, which outlines the importance of understanding worldview for competent practice. This article reviews the results of the authors' analyses and discusses the implications for counseling.

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