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Ionic iron causes damages at the cellular level by forming free radicals. Reactive oxygen species lead to the formation of oxidative base damages in DNA. Among these forms the most common one and the one which has the best known mutagenity is 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). We aimed to determine iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and its different forms of treatments; probable oxidative damage on DNA by looking at the level of 8-OHdG. The patients were divided into 4 subgroups: Oral treatment (p.o.) group; Intramuscular treatment (i.m.) group; Intravenous treatment (i.v.) group; Healthy control group. Blood and urine samples were taken from all patients totally 4 times. 8-OHdG levels detected in blood and urine samples were compared with the control group. IDA and the treatment of it affect the level of 8-OHdG. p.o. therapy should be the top priority on children.

Background. Emphysematous cystitis (EC) and emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) are rare urinary tract infections. They have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations; ranging from asymptomatic to septic shock at presentation. In children, EC and EPN are rare complications of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Their diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations, laboratory results and characteristic radiological findings of gas within the collecting system, renal parenchyma and/or perinephric tissue. Computed tomography is the best radiological option in the diagnosis of EC and EPN. Despite the availability of various treatment modalities including medical and/or surgical treatment alternatives, these life-threatening conditions have high mortality rates reaching up to 70 percent.Case. Urinary tract infection was detected in the examinations of an 11-year-old female patient suffering from lower abdominal pain, vomiting and dysuria for two days. Air was detected in the bladder wall on X-ray. EC was detected in the abdominal ultrasonography. Air formations in the bladder lumen and calyces of both kidneys in abdominal computed tomography confirmed the presence of EPN.Conclusions. Individualized treatment should be instituted according to the severity of EC and EPN, and the overall health condition of the patient.

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Hematuria is an important and common symptom of urinary system pathologies in children, and careful evaluation is required for its definitive diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics and etiological causes of patients who applied to our pediatric nephrology clinic with hematuria. In this study, the record of 434 patients who were followed up in our clinic for macroscopic and/or microscopic hematuria were evaluated retrospectively. Demographic data, clinical findings, laboratory and imaging examinations and final diagnosis of the patients were recorded. Out of 434 patients with hematuria, 239 (55%) were male and 195 (45%) were female. Of the patients, 291 (67%) had macroscopic hematuria and 83 (19.1%) had glomerular hematuria. Non-glomerular causes were found in 80.9%, with a significantly higher rate. Most of the causes of non-glomerular hematuria were urinary tract infection and renal stones. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) was found to be responsible for the majority of glomerular diseases. This study shows that most of the pathologies that may cause hematuria can be detected with a detailed history, careful physical examination and simple laboratory tests.