Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to contribute to the cellular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the efficiency of melatonin and vitamin E in the reduction of injury induced by ROS in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Twenty-four Wistar-albino rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the Sham group were given saline 1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (ip) 72 h, 48 h, 24 h, and 30 min before the sham operation. Rats in ischemia-reperfusion (IR), IR+Melatonin, and IR+Vitamin E groups were given saline (1 mL/ kg), melatonin (10 mg/kg), and vitamin E (100 mg/kg) ip, respectively, 72 h, 48 h, 24 h, and 30 min before the ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 60 min. The blood samples and kidney tissues of the rats were taken under anesthesia. Ischemia-reperfusion significantly increased urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Histopathological findings of the IR group confirmed that there was renal impairment by cast formation and tubular necrosis in the tubular epithelium. In the IR+Melatonin group, while MDA levels significantly decreased, SOD activities increased. In the IR+Melatonin group, the level of tubular necrosis and cast formation are significantly decreased than those seen in the ischemia-reperfusion group. Melatonin in particular was effective to reverse hot ischemia of kidney by its antioxidant effects. These results may indicate that melatonin pretreatment protects against functional, biochemical, and morphological damage better than vitamin E in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

We have treated 45 patients with various degrees of oligospermia and asthenospermia with arginine, indomethacin and kallikrein. Fifteen patients have received the amino acid L-arginine hydrochloride, 15 the antiinflammatory agent indomethacin, while 15 others the enzyme kallikrein. These drugs have been administered for at least 3 months to encompass a complete cycle of spermatogenesis. As a result, treatment with these drugs has increased sperm count and motility to some extent. Three pregnancies (20%) have been obtained by arginine and one pregnancy (6.6%) by indomethacin. Though arginine offers some hope for the future, improvement of the fertilizing capacity with these drugs is still controversial.

Seminal-vesicle cysts associated with renal agenesis are rare congenital or acquired lesions. We report a case of seminal-vesicle cyst causing urinary retention in a young patient with right renal agenesis who was treated successfully with transurethral unroofing. Magnetic resonance imaging aided us in making the conclusive diagnosis without the need for any invasive investigations.

The use of human dura mater as an interposition graft in the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula is an alternative for VVF repairs because of its excellent tissue compability, stability, good elasticity and absorbability.

In the patients with a primary tumor not only the metastasis must be investigated but also second primary tumors should be taken into consideration.