The research aims to determine the elements under the structural component in distance learning environments. The research was conducted as a systematic literature review. The research was conducted on a total of 54 studies. The studies were accessed through the electronic databases accessible at Gazi University. A PRISMA flow chart was used to select the studies. The classification of the studies into categories and codes was done using content analysis, in terms of the structural component. A total of 78 codes were found in 5 categories under which 5409 codings were made. It was found that under the structural component, the Technology category was the most frequently used. This category is followed by flexibility-rigidity, assessment, guidance and curriculum. The most frequently used code in the studies is individual feedback, which falls under the flexibility-rigidity category. As a result of the study, some suggestions were made for designers of distance education media. They should pay maximum attention to the flexibilityrigidity category to support students' sense of belonging. It is recommended to use different (textual, audio/video) feedback methods in the learning environment. They are expected to pay more attention to the Curriculum category to support learner success. The roles of teachers and learners should be clearly defined. Technology should be planned to support all processes such as interaction, access to content, communication, sharing, collaboration, and evaluation that may be experienced in the learning environment. Formative evaluation should be considered important and more than one method of performance assessment should be used. Since technological platforms are the basic elements of communication, they should be used extensively in learning environments.

Çalışmanın amacı, 2013 yılında Eğitim Teknolojisi alanında yapılan araştırmaların genel bir resmini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için alanla ilgili yayın yapan ve Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) kapsamında taranan 6 derginin 2013 yılında yayınlanan makaleleri içerik analizi yöntemine göre incelenmiştir. Makaleler incelenirken Göktaş vd. (2012) tarafından geliştirilen "Makale Yayın Sınıflama Formu" üzerinde bazı güncellemeler yapılarak kullanılmıştır. Formun birinci bölümünde makalenin adı, yazarı vb. bilgiler yer alırken geri kalan bölümlerde makalenin yöntemi, veri toplama araçları, örneklem ve veri analiz yöntemleri yer almıştır. Araştırmada bir de konu sınıflaması formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre eğitim teknolojisi alanında 2013 yılında en fazla çalışılan konu alanı "Öğretim Tasarımı" olmuştur. Öğretim tasarımı konu alanını "Eğitimde Bilişim Teknolojileri" ve "Eğitimde Oyun Kullanımı" konu alanı takip etmiştir.

This study aimed to examine students' online satisfaction in the context of emergency remote teaching. The research was carried out in a concurrent triangulation design from the mixed method. The quantitative data of the study were collected from 2663 students studying at different faculties/schools of a state university in Turkey in the fall semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. Participants consist of students who participated voluntarily according to the convenient sampling method. Qualitative data were collected from 494 students who express their opinion through free text answers. The "e-satisfaction scale" was used to determine students' online learning satisfaction. The number of logins to live course, the number of recorded course view and the number of logins to LMS of students are behavioural engagement indicators. According to the findings, the students have a moderate level of satisfaction. There is a significant difference between both academic achievement and engagement of students with different satisfaction levels. Longing for face-to-face education, the usefulness of the LMS, inadequate assessment, the inefficiency of online learning, technical problems, challenges of the process, and insufficient instructors are opinions frequently mentioned by students. The results obtained in this study not only determine the current situation regarding student satisfaction but also provide important clues about improving online learning.

The Transactional Distance Theory is a global theory that defines the items that should be found in distance education environments. Structure, which is one of the items of this theory, refers to the degree of flexibility that defines the ability of a course or program to meet individual student needs. In today's distance education approach, the subjective ideas of the designers are effective in the planning of the structural dimension. However, the question of how each item of the structure size affects the online environment and each other has still not been answered. In addition, the difficulties experienced in planning the structural dimension (structuring of online teaching) raise the question of how much each infrastructure item affects online teaching. This study arose from the need to understand how items of a critical dimension, such as structure, in distance education should be constructed objectively. With this study, the weight vector carried by each item related to the structural dimension in distance education was calculated. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, one of the multi-criteria decision-making approaches, was used in the calculation. The linguistic scale used in this method was effective in the preference of the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process. The linguistic scale enabled decision-makers to make correct binary decisions free from uncertainty and prejudices. At the end of the study, the weight vectors of 77 sub-items were calculated under 5 main items related to structure in online learning.

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