Introduction Normal bone marrow contains water, fat, and cellular elements. The red bone marrow (RBM) contains 40% of water (free and bound), 20% of protein, and 40% (25%-50%) of fat. In contrast, the yellow bone marrow (YBM) contains 15% of water, 5% of protein, and 80% of fat (1-4). In newborns, the bone marrow consists mainly of active RBM. After the infantile period, the RBM begins to transform into YBM. When the active bone marrow is not able to meet the increased hematopoiesis required by the body, YBM converts to RBM, and this process is called reconversion (3-7). The causes of reconversion can be classified under medical and nonmedical conditions. Medical conditions include obesity, respiratory disorders, diabetes, anemias, patients receiving granulocyte colony stimulating factor therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Nonmedical conditions include heavy smoking and practicing sports requiring high oxygen such as marathon running or freediving (2,5-7). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an ideal noninvasive imaging modality for evaluating bone marrow Background/aim: The main purpose of our study was to determine the efficacy of chemical shift imaging (CSI) for differentiating diffuse red bone marrow reconversion (RBMR) and hematological malignancies. We also aimed to calculate the cutoff value for these entities with similar imaging features in routine magnetic resonance (MR) sequences. Materials and methods: A total of 54 patients were included: 17 patients (31.4%) with hematological malignancies (group 1), 16 patients (29.6%) with RBMR (group 2), and 21 patients (38.0%) with no clinical and hematological malignancies (control group). Patients with no pathological data or completed two-year follow-up and children were excluded from the study. An experienced radiologist on MRI evaluated the images blindly for final diagnosis. Pathologic results were determined as gold standard. Regions of interests (ROI) were placed on the vertebrae in CSI and signal intensity ratios (SIR) were calculated. The cutoff value was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: SIR values were 0.97 ± 0.16, 0.69 ± 0.31 and 0.28 ± 0.35 (P < 0.001) for GI, G2, and G3, respectively. The cutoff value was 0.82 (P < 0.001). The sensitivity rate was 83.3% (AUC: 58%-96%), specificity was 87% (AUC: 58-98). Conclusion: CSI may be a valuable diagnostic tool for differentiating diffuse RBMR and hematological malignancies.

Background Previous studies reported axillary lymphadenopathy (LAP) as a side effect of the anti‐COVID‐19 vaccine. However, the effects of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)s on mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine‐related LAP have not been investigated. Purpose We aimed to investigate the effects of NSAIDs on temporal changes in sonographic findings of COVID‐19 vaccine‐associated LAP. Methods Our single‐center retrospective cohort study was conducted between October 2021 and April 2022. We included patients (aged ≥ 18 years) who applied with complaints of swelling in the ipsilateral axillary region after the COVID‐19 vaccine and had axillary region ultrasound (US) scans in electronic medical records within 30 days pre‐vaccination. The serial US was performed on the third, 10th, and 30th days post‐vaccination. Results Our study included 38 patients with a median age of 36 (IQR, 32–43) years. In 18 (47.4%) patients used NSAIDs in the early post‐vaccination period. Measurements of LAPs on ultrasound scans increased at day 3 post‐vaccination compared with pre‐vaccination both in NSAID users and non‐users. On the 10th day, a statistically insignificant decrease in LAP diameters and cortical thickness was observed in NSAID users compared to non‐users. On the post‐vaccination 30th day, axillary LAPs regressed similarly in both groups. Conclusion In our study, post‐vaccine NSAID use had no statistically significant effect on the course of axillary LAPs.

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Aim: We aimed to investigate the correlation between the temporal changes of computed tomography severity score (CT-SS) ​​and mean renal parenchymal attenuation (MRPA) values in consecutive chest computed topographies (CT). Material and Method: This retrospective, single-center study included 65 (≥18 years) COVID-19 patients with positive RT-PCR tests. A radiologist calculated three consecutive chest CT-SSs and measured the MPRAs on CTs from the upper half of each kidney included in the cross-section. Paired samples test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to evaluate the temporal changes of mean renal parenchymal attenuation (RPA) and median CT-SS values, in three consecutive CTs. Spearman's test was used to evaluate the correlation of each RPA and CT-SS value on three consecutive CTs. Results: The study population included 65 patients with a mean age of 61.49±13.91 years. A total of 36/65 (55.4%) were male. We found a significant increase between the first and second CT-SS (p

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the relationship between computed tomography (CT)- based cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) with mortality rates of COVID-19 patients. Methods: Our study was a single-center retrospective analysis of 484 patients (aged ≥ 18) who were admitted to our hospital’s emergency department. We included only laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients who underwent chest CT. Data of demographic information, laboratory findings, survivals, and chest CT imaging findings were recorded. The radiologist calculated CTR by dividing the greatest transverse cardiac diameter by the greatest transverse thoracic diameter on the initial chest CT. Cardiomegaly was defined if “CTR &gt; 0.5”. Results: Thirty (6.2%) patients were treated as outpatients, and 135/484 (%27.9) patients were treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). A total of 147 /484 (30.4%) patients died. We found a statistical association between cardiomegaly with mortality rates (p &lt; 0.001) and ICU admission (p = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, older age was 1.07-fold (p &lt;  0.001), cardiomegaly 1.75-fold (p = 0.015), history of cerebrovascular diseases 2.929-fold (p = 0.018), and elevated serum LDH level 1.003-fold (p = 0.011) associated with higher risks of mortality. Conclusions: Since the presence of cardiomegaly on chest CT is associated with a worse prognosis for COVID-19 patients, more caution should be exercised in the evaluation, follow-up, and treatment of COVID-19 patients with cardiomegaly.