Background:The aim of this study is to evaluate anterior segment changes with Pentacam Scheimpflug camera after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil injection.Materials and Methods:In all, 44 eyes of 44 patients who underwent PPV by one surgeon were evaluated with Pentacam preoperatively, first week, and first month after surgery. The patients were divided into two groups, eyes with silicone injection after PPV and eyes with PPV and no endotamponade. Main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and central corneal thickness (CCT) obtained with pentacam.Results:Each group consisted of 22 patients. In both groups no significant difference was detected among preop and postop changes in ACV and ACA values (P > 0.05). The increase in ACD in silicone oil–injected group and the decrease in ACD in PPV group at postop 1 week were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The increase in CCT in silicone oil–injected group at postop 1 week and then decrease in postop 1 month were also significant (P < 0.05). Surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was 3.7 Dioptry (D) in silicone oil–injected group and 2.4 D in PPV group at postop 1 week. SIA decreased to 1.7 D and 1.5 D, respectively, at postop 1 month. Changes in SIA were significant (P < 0.05).Conclusion:PPV effects cornea and anterior segment. Changes in cornea and anterior segment after PPV seem to return to preoperative values among 1 month after surgery.