The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between autocratic and democratic leadership on employee performance through the mediation of organizational commitment in National Highway Authority Islamabad head office. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organization where respondents are situated/located, that is a filed study. Simple random sampling technique was used to carry out the research using structured questionnaires which were adopted from other researcher's studies. The questionnaires were based on five-point Likert scale measuring autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, Organizational Commitment, and employee performance. 217 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of National Highway Authority out of which all 217 were useable. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The descriptive statistics indicated that autocratic leadership has a negative impact on employee performance but does show the significant effect with that the other variable democratic leadership shows a significant positive impact on employee performance whereas organizational commitment does mediate the relationship between independent variables i-e Autocratic leadership, Democratic leadership and dependent variable i-e Employee Performance. Recommendations to improve employee performance under this study are provided to the organization.

The study was conducted to investigate the relationship of strategic leadership on employee performance through the mediation of employee engagement in the Higher Education Commission Islamabad head office. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organization where respondents are situated/located that is a field study. A simple random sampling technique was used to carry out the research. The questionnaires were based on a five-point Likert scale measuring strategic leadership, employee engagement and employee performance. 167 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of the Higher Education Commission, out of which 127 were useable. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The descriptive statistics indicated that strategic leadership shows a significant positive impact on employee performance, whereas employee engagement does mediate the relationship between the independent variable, i.e., Strategic leadership, and dependent variable i-e, Employee Performance. Recommendations to improve employee performance under this study are provided to the organization.

The rise of digitalization has brought new challenges to the business world. E-commerce operations are growing as a result of digitalization, which is transforming traditional business processes, methods, and products into new ones. To address the global challenges posed by e-commerce and changes in markets, firms rely heavily on business innovation. Firms must be able to function under societal and operational challenges, as well as have the ability to integrate local knowledge with other types of expertise. Frugal innovation focuses on societal and operational issues and challenges as beginning points for innovative ideas that could ultimately drive for sustainable development. This chapter is about a mapping of the literature by focusing on certain research areas: the structure and identifying patterns of how the frugal innovation, social transition, and business sustainability are related in the digital era.

The purpose of this book chapter is to highlight the different issues related to frugal innovation advancement, and how the advancement of the frugal innovation change and affect the social life, particularly the role in uplifting the standard of the living. Literature shows that there are some factors which need to be considered for frugal innovation. This area received a less attention from the researchers. The contribution of the book chapter will be elaborating different mechanisms which are affecting the growth and functions of organizations who are involve in the frugal innovation. The various definitions and multiple perspective regarding the frugal innovation will highlight the important elements for academia and practitioners to consider and conduct future research. This book chapter will highlight different components which will be helpful to the organization to involve in frugal innovation and make it a successful process by reviewing the literature.

The research was escorted to probe the correlation between leadership styles on employee production through the mediation of Affective commitment in the National Bank of Pakistan. Simple random sampling was used to carry out the research using structured questionnaires, which were adopted from other researchers studies. The questionnaires were based on a five-point Likert scale measuring all variables.144 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of the National Bank of Pakistan, out of which all 144 were useable. This data was analyzed using SPSS. The descriptive statistics indicated a productive association between transformational & employee performance and show significant effect with that the other variable Transactional leadership shows significant positive impact on employee performance, whereas Affective commitment did mediate the relationship between independent variables & dependent variables.