Both pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic species of staphylococci have been reported in poultry, but these studies have not compared staphylococcal flora of both farmed and household broiler chickens. Staphylococci from farmed (n = 51) and household chicken intestines (n = 43) were isolated and tested for resistance to antimicrobials, presence of resistance genes, and inhibitory activity against other bacteria; correlation of resistance phenotype and genotype was also evaluated. At least 12 staphylococcal species were identified; Staphylococcus carnosus subspecies carnosus was the predominant species from both sources. Most farmed chicken staphylococci were resistant to tigecycline (38/51; 74.8%) while the highest level of resistance among the household chicken staphylococci was to clindamycin (31/43; 72.1%). The mec A gene was only detected in staphylococci from household chickens, whereas erm C and tet K or tet M were found in staphylococci from both groups of birds. Multidrug resistance (resistance ≥ 2 antimicrobial classes) was observed in 88% of resistant staphylococci ranging from 2 to 8 classes and up to 10 antimicrobials. Isolates produced inhibitory activity against 7 clinical bacterial strains primarily Enterococcus faecalis (25/88; 28.4%) and Escherichia coli (22/88; 25%). This study demonstrated that the staphylococcal population among farmed and household chickens varies by species and resistance to antimicrobials. These results may reflect the influence of the environment or habitat of each bird type on the intestinal microflora. As resistance in the staphylococci to antimicrobials used to treat human infections was detected, further study is warranted to determine strategies to prevent transfer of these resistant populations to humans via contamination of the poultry meat.

No abstract

The current article reports the determination of the level of antibiotic resistance and detection of pvl and mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infection cases at District Headquarters Hospital (DHQ) Haripur, Ayub Medical Complex, Abbottabad, Pakistan and Yahya Hospital, Haripur. A total of 405 samples were collected during the period from June 2018 and March 2019. Isolates were identified by using different microbiological, biochemical tests as well as cultural characteristics and polymerase chain reaction. The antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out by using conventional disc diffusion assay, whereas the presence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and mecA genes in the isolated strains was determined using PCR. The results established that the 105 samples showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (25.9%), of them 84 (80%) of the isolated strains have been identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). A high level of resistance was obtained against cefazolin (91.43%), augmentin (83.80%), ceftriaxone (59.4%), and lincomycin (57.10%). No isolate was found to be resistant to vancomycin. The antibiotic-resistant gene mecA was found to be positive in all 100% (n=80) samples with MRSA strains while PVL gene was positive among 36% (n=38%) of MRSA strains. The level of antibiotic resistance is higher than all previous studies from the region.

Modern semiconductor industry has a major focus on die size reduction and favours the usage of multiple metal layers to increase gross margins. High congestion and voltage or IR drop challenges result from designs with higher and lower core utilisations. Owing to this issue, one of the major difficulties in large silicon-on-chip (SoC) design is the implementation of a power grid design. It’s essential to correctly analyze IR drops to guarantee the reliability of the power grid. This paper presents a comprehensive review approach for the analysis of IR drop for robust power grid design in semiconductor chips. The necessity of the vector-based dynamic analysis and the drawbacks of the vector-less analysis have been addressed. The various techniques used to mitigate IR drop effects, including power grid modeling techniques, use of decoupling capacitors, and voltage drop analysis are explored. The review concludes by identifying the most promising techniques for robust power grid design in semiconductor chips and providing recommendations for future research. The simulations are carried out using ANSYS RedHawk, and the analysis findings are achieved using FinFET technology.