Background: The aim of this study was to probe the best diagnostic tool for the detection of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) producing uropathogen and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile to treat the infections properly. Methods:Clinical samples of urine were cultured on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) Agar medium. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic methods were used for further confirmation of β-lactamase production by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT), double disc synergy test (DDST) and by E-test for ESBL production. Aswab on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plates was used for further studies and the Optical Density (O.D.) of the cultures was set to 0.1 (at 530 nm).Results: Sample size N= 200 was selected from patients suffering from UTI. Out of the 200 samples, n=141 samples yielded Aerobic Gram Negative Bacteria (AGNB). The commonest organism isolated was E.coli n=108, best antimicrobial result of 95% was shown by imipenem. Among the AGNB isolates, 20 organisms (12.98%) were ESBL producers. E.coli showed highest ESBL production of 85%. The most effective antimicrobial in ESBL producers was Imipenem (84%) Augmentin was least sensitive (05%). Conclusion:ESBL production is a common phenomenon in UTI patients and screening by DDST for these enzymes is a good epidemiological tool to assess the overall situation in a certain setup.It was also seen that Imipenem (Carbapenem) is the drug of choice.

Traditional wound dressings have a limited capacity to absorb exudates, are permeable to microbes, and may adhere to wounds, which leads to secondary injuries. Hydrogels are promising alternative dressings to overcome the above challenges. In this study, we developed sodium alginate-based hydrogel films loaded with Betula utilis bark extract. These films were prepared via solvent-casting crosslinking method and evaluated for wound healing activity. Prepared films were 0.05–0.083 mm thick, flexible with folding endurance ranging from 197–203 folds, which indicates good physical properties. Optimized formulations exhibited successful loading of extract in the film matrix without any interaction as confirmed by FTIR. Maximum zone of inhibition against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was achieved by optimum formulation (B6), i.e., 19 mm and 9 mm, respectively, with > 90% scavenging activity. Furthermore, this optimum formulation (B6) was able to achieve 93% wound contraction in rats. Histograms of the optimized formulation treated group also revealed complete reepithelization of wounds. Conclusively, our extract-loaded hydrogel dressing successfully demonstrated its potential for cutaneous wound healing.