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Background: Infection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is major contributor in liver problems, affecting nearly more than 70 million people all over the world. Top ten countries which are affected by Hepatitis, also include Pakistan. Medical science has entered a new era of HCV therapy in elimination of infection and disease is a real possibility. In Asia, Genotype 3 is chronic hepatitis C genotype as compared to other genotypes. Direct-acting antiviral drugs are famous for their high efficacy rate, but less work has done in Asia. Methods: A follow up research was performed to evaluate 3 months treatment outcome of some direct acting antiviral drugs in 35 patients (26 patients of HCV genotype 3) below 30 years of age using some relevant biological parameters. Results: A total of 30 patients yielded a pooled SVR of more than 85% after twelve weeks outcome of commonly used antiviral drugs evaluation. Conclusion: Commonly used antiviral drugs in Sialkot, Pakistan showed effectiveness in HCV patients having genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5. Keywords: Hepatitis C virus, genotype 3, direct acting antiviral drugs, liver function tests, renal function tests

Background: Infection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is major contributor in liver problems, affecting nearly more than 70 million people all over the world. Top ten countries which are affected by Hepatitis, also include Pakistan. Medical science has entered a new era of HCV therapy in elimination of infection and disease is a real possibility. In asia, Genotype 3 is chronic hepatitis C genotype as compared to other genotypes. Direct-acting antiviral drugs are famous for their high efficacy rate, but less work has done in Asia. Methods: A follow up research was performed to evaluate 3 months treatment outcome of some direct acting antiviral drugs in 35 patients (26 patients of HCV genotype 3) below 30 years of age using some relevant biological parameters. Results: A total of 30 patients yielded a pooled SVR of more than 85% after twelve weeks outcome of commonly used antiviral drugs evaluation. Conclusion: Commonly used antiviral drugs in Sialkot, Pakistan showed effectiveness in HCV pts having genotypes 1, 2, 3 & 5. Keywords: Hepatitis C virus, genotype 3, direct acting antiviral drugs, liver function tests, renal function tests

Major purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of global citizenship skills among university students in Pakistan and its relationship with their identity orientations. Three indicators of global citizenship including social responsibility, global competence and global civic engagement were accepted to execute the research objective. The study followed four aspects of identity orientations including personal, social, collective and relational orientations. 324 students enrolled in selected Pakistani public sector universities participated in the study. Aspects of Identity Questionnaire (AIQ-IV) developed by Cheek and Briggs (2013) and global citizenship scale developed by Morais and Ogden (2011) were adapted as research instruments to collected the required data. Results show the prevalence of global civic engagement and social responsibility is comparatively lesser among the participants than other global citizenship skills. The students supported all four types of identity orientations. The study concludes that the four identity orientations have significant and direct associations with major global citizenship skills.

Protease Inhibitors belong to class of drug which are used to cure or prevent infection by viruses like HIV and HCV. Protease Inhibitors from Bacillus subtilis-M15 prevent viral multiplication by inhibiting the activity of Trypsin and Pepsin. Pharmaceutically designed ion-exchange resins are proved as promising candidates to enhance the Inhibitory activities of Protease. The novel Biological anti-viral drugs are characterized by Hydrogen Peroxide, Dimethyl Sulfur, HCl, and Acidic-Alkaline Proteinase. When Protease Inhibitory activity of chemically formulated drug already available in market i.e. Lopinavir/Ritonavir are compared with novel anti-viral drug from Bacillus subtilis-M15 then Lopinavir/Ritonavir are proved as less effective than Biological drug due to their lower Inhibitory activity in terms of units per milliliter. Lopinavir/Ritonavir has 2446U/ml and 241U/ml Protease Inhibitory activities against trypsin and pepsin respectively whereas Biological drug from Bacillus subtilis-M15 has 2581U/ml and 3360U/ml Protease Inhibitory activities against Trypsin and Pepsin respectively. In this context Biological drug developing treatment has attracted much attention than chemically designed drug due to their high efficacy, least side effect, cost efficient and environment friendly nature. Hence we conclude the current application of novel anti-viral drug as a Protease Inhibitors from Bacillus subtilis-M15 and its future clinical prospects against targeted Protease based HIV and HCV therapy.