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Solar load is one of the key inputs in thermal analysis of all solar based applications using ray tracing. Commercial and academic Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes incorporate different solar load models for ray tracing, i.e., Solar Position and Intensity (SOPLOS) theoretical maximum function, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Airconditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) fair weather and constant solar load models. However, solar load depends largely on weather conditions of the site whereas the solar load models in CFD software do not accommodate changing weather patterns and hence the CFD simulation results obtained are not representative of an extended period of time. This paper studies the effect of changing weather patterns on solar load assessment, using bifacial solar panels as a case study. In this study, on-site data of a humid sub-tropical region for monsoon season, mid-June to mid-August, has been used as an input for solar ray tracing due to large temperature variations and cloud cover for longer duration. Comparative study of SOPLOS and ASHRAE models with in situ model shows that they over predict front side solar load, with only 0.5% and 13% matching in situ data respectively, while both models under predict rear side solar load in the studied time period, with 2% and 24% solar load estimation agreeing with in situ data respectively.

Objectives: Anxiety towards dental procedures is common problem thatmay be experienced by dental patients all over the world. This study focused on evaluatingthe prevalence of dental anxiety and its relationship with age, gender, religion, residence,previous traumatic experience and family history in patients coming to dental department ofLahore General Hospital, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Departmentof Dentistry of Lahore General Hospital, Pakistan. Period: 1st Jan 2017 to 29th Feb 2017.Material and Methods: A total of 110 patients, aged 10- 85 years were selected for the study.A questionnaire comprising the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and Dental ConcernAssessment was used to measure the level of dental anxiety and concern towards dentalprocedure was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The mean anxietyscore of the 110 patients was 10.43 (SD=5.4). The prevalence of dental anxiety among thestudy population was 37.9%. Based on severity of dental anxiety, 13.6% and 24.3% werefound to be moderately and highly anxious, respectively. Independent sample t-test showedmales were “slightly anxious” than females on items of MDAS such as use of drill and injection.Correlational analyses show significant positive relationship between residence, family history,dental concern and dental anxiety. Linear regression revealed that residence (rural) emergedas significant predictor of MDAS in patients with dental anxiety (P>0.05) accounting for 76%of variance. Conclusion: Female patients, patients belonging to rural areas and family historywere associated with increased MDAS score.

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