a b s t r a c tContext: The use of system requirements and their risks enables software testers to identify more important test cases that can reveal the faults associated with system components.Objective: The goal of this research is to make the requirements risk estimation process more systematic and precise by reducing subjectivity using a fuzzy expert system. Further, we provide empirical results that show that our proposed approach can improve the effectiveness of test case prioritization.Method: In this research, we used requirements modification status, complexity, security, and size of the software requirements as risk indicators and employed a fuzzy expert system to estimate the requirements risks. Further, we employed a semi-automated process to gather the required data for our approach and to make the risk estimation process less subjective.Results: The results of our study indicated that the prioritized tests based on our new approach can detect faults early, and also the approach can be effective at finding more faults earlier in the high-risk system components compared to the control techniques.Conclusion: We proposed an enhanced risk-based test case prioritization approach that estimates requirements risks systematically with a fuzzy expert system. With the proposed approach, testers can detect more faults earlier than with other control techniques. Further, the proposed semi-automated, systematic approach can easily be applied to industrial applications and can help improve regression testing effectiveness.

Antioxidant activities and major antioxidants were investigated in the methanolic extracts of roasted and spent coffee to evaluate the feasibility of spent coffee as a source of functional ingredients. Phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and chlorogenic acid, and nitrogenous compounds, including trigonelline and caffeine, were identified. Caffeine was the most abundant compound, followed by chlorogenic acid. Despite the significant reduction of antioxidants, 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was retained in more than 95% of roasted coffee. The retentions of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were 65-90 and 46-60%, respectively. Gallic acid had a positive correlation with SOD-like activity, whereas protocatechuic acid positively correlated with FRAP, suggesting that the major compounds contributing to each antioxidant activity are different. These results show that spent coffee can be used as an antioxidant source for functional foods and cosmetic products to improve antioxidant properties.

Fault localization is one of the most expensive activities of program debugging, which is why the recent years have witnessed the development of many different fault localization techniques. This paper proposes a groupingbased strategy that can be applied to various techniques in order to boost their fault localization effectiveness. The applicability of the strategy is assessed over -Tarantula and a Radial Basis Function neural network-based technique; across three different sets of programs (the Siemens suite, grep and gzip). Results are suggestive that the groupingbased strategy is capable of significantly improving the fault localization effectiveness and is not limited to any particular fault localization technique. The proposed strategy does not require any additional information than what was already collected as input to the fault localization technique, and does not require the technique to be modified in any way.

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