fossil fuels are being widely researched for the development of a sustainable energy system. Among the various candidates for green energy resources, hydrogen energy has been at the center of attention. [1,2] Hydrogen is both inexhaustible and environmentally friendly, because it can be produced from earth-abundant reactants such as water and methane and because no CO 2 or other toxic products are emitted during its conversion into other energy form such as electricity, respectively. Moreover, hydrogen can exhibit significantly larger energy density compared with other energy sources such as gasoline and coal. The most widely used method of hydrogen production today is steam reforming because of its low cost in the process. [3] Nevertheless, the release of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide as byproducts in the steam reforming process diminishes the environmental merits of hydrogen energy. Thus, as a possible cleaner alternative, an electrolysis method that involves producing hydrogen by electrochemically splitting water has been extensively investigated. Using one of the most abundant resources, water, the production of hydrogen from it yields only oxygen as a byproduct.In the water electrolysis, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occur simultaneously, as described by the following equationsIn order for the reaction to proceed, a voltage of 1.23 V is theoretically required between an anode and a cathode. However, an overpotential (represented by the symbol η) should be additionally applied to account for the potential loss resulting from kinetic limitations occurring during the electrochemical reaction. The use of electrocatalysts can lower the overpotential by kinetically facilitating the water-splitting reaction either in HER or OER. Due to the nature of four-electron involving OER, it is generally believed that the OER is much more sluggish than the HER; thus, the development of efficient OER Hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel for efficient energy production and storage, with water splitting considered one of the most clean, environmentally friendly, and sustainable approaches to generate hydrogen. However, to meet industrial demands with electrolysis-generated hydrogen, the development of a low-cost and efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical, while conventional catalysts are mostly based on precious metals. Many studies have thus focused on exploring new efficient nonprecious-metal catalytic systems and improving the understandings on the OER mechanism, resulting in the design of catalysts with superior activity compared with that of conventional catalysts. In particular, the use of multimetal rather than single-metal catalysts is demonstrated to yield remarkable performance improvement, as the metal composition in these catalysts can be tailored to modify the intrinsic properties affecting the OER. Herein, recent progress and accomplishments of multimetal catalytic systems, including several important groups of catalysts: layered h...

Voltage decay and redox asymmetry mitigation by reversible cation migration in lithiumrich layered oxide electrodes.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) consists of core subunits that are conserved from yeast to man as well as less conserved, noncore, subunits with potential regulatory roles. Whereas core subunits tend to be indispensable for cell growth, the roles of the noncore subunits remain poorly understood. We addressed the hypothesis that eIF3 noncore subunits have accessory functions that help to regulate translation initiation, by focusing on the Arabidopsis thaliana eIF3h subunit. Indeed, eIF3h was not essential for general protein translation. However, results from transient expression assays and polysome fractionation indicated that the translation efficiency of specific 59 mRNA leader sequences was compromised in an eif3h mutant, including the mRNA for the basic domain leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor ATB2/AtbZip11, translation of which is regulated by sucrose. Among other pleiotropic developmental defects, the eif3h mutant required exogenous sugar to transit from seedling to vegetative development, but it was hypersensitive to elevated levels of exogenous sugars. The ATB2 mRNA was rendered sensitive to the eIF3h level by a series of upstream open reading frames. Moreover, eIF3h could physically interact with subunits of the COP9 signalosome, a protein complex implicated primarily in the regulation of protein ubiquitination, supporting a direct biochemical connection between translation initiation and protein turnover. Together, these data implicate eIF3 in mRNA-associated translation initiation events, such as scanning, start codon recognition, or reinitiation and suggest that poor translation initiation of specific mRNAs contributes to the pleiotropic spectrum of phenotypic defects in the eif3h mutant.

Securing the chemical and physical stabilities of electrode/solid‐electrolyte interfaces is crucial for the use of solid electrolytes in all‐solid‐state batteries. Directly probing these interfaces during electrochemical reactions would significantly enrich the mechanistic understanding and inspire potential solutions for their regulation. Herein, the electrochemistry of the lithium/Li7La3Zr2O12‐electrolyte interface is elucidated by probing lithium deposition through the electrolyte in an anode‐free solid‐state battery in real time. Lithium plating is strongly affected by the geometry of the garnet‐type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) surface, where nonuniform/filamentary growth is triggered particularly at morphological defects. More importantly, lithium‐growth behavior significantly changes when the LLZO surface is modified with an artificial interlayer to produce regulated lithium depositions. It is shown that lithium‐growth kinetics critically depend on the nature of the interlayer species, leading to distinct lithium‐deposition morphologies. Subsequently, the dynamic role of the interlayer in battery operation is discussed as a buffer and seed layer for lithium redistribution and precipitation, respectively, in tailoring lithium deposition. These findings broaden the understanding of the electrochemical lithium‐plating process at the solid‐electrolyte/lithium interface, highlight the importance of exploring various interlayers as a new avenue for regulating the lithium‐metal anode, and also offer insight into the nature of lithium growth in anode‐free solid‐state batteries.