This study used simultaneous electron beam (EB) irradiation to graft styrene derivatives onto a 125μm thick poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoro propylene) (FEP) film, with various grafting times ranging from 0.5 to 10 h, grafting temperatures ranging from 30 to 60°C , and radiation doses ranging from 10 to 100 kGy. The degree of grafting increased with increasing the dose to a maximum after a grafting time of 5–10 h. The electron spin resonance spectra for the produced radicals showed that the radicals were trapped in the FEP film for a long time even at room temperature, allowing continuous grafting for several hours. The grafting degree in the 2-methylstyrene monomer was lower than in the styrene one, with their grafting degrees differing by a maximum of 30% at a grafting temperature of 45°C and a dose of 50 kGy. However, the sulfonation degree of 2-methylstyrene was higher than that of styrene, in which an average of 1.5 sulfonic acid groups were attached to one 2-methylstyrene, regardless of the grafting degree, whereas for styrene it ranged from 1.3 to 0.9 depending on the grafting degree. The ion conductivity values were 2.4 S/cm for 2-methylstyrene at a grafting degree of 26.7% and 2.5 S/cm for styrene at a grafting degree of 56.2% .

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A flow process with electron beam (EB) irradiation carried out the removal of NO in air by adding microwave (MW) to improve the removal efficiency of NO. The EB irradiation combined with MW irradiation was very effective in the range of NO removal efficiency of 70-80% and reduced required doses up to more than 30%, compared to the flow process without MW. On the other hand, MW irradiation was unlikely to affect the NO removal above 90% of removal efficiency. In addition, MW effect appeared definitely in the dose ranges of 8-24 kGy, whereas the effect became minor below 8 kGy and above 24 kGy. This study found that MW irradiation can play an auxiliary role in NO removal with EB irradiation and the effect of MW on the NO removal is based on an intrinsic kinetic to the exclusion of a thermal effect. The concentrations of removed NO could be linearly correlated as ∆C=k[NO] o +k o . Where, k was proportional to dose and k o could be related to k o /D n =aD+b, giving n value of 0.7 without MW irradiation and 0.4 with MW irradiation, respectively.