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Abstract— Ureilites are coarse‐grained ultramafic rocks whose petrography, mineral chemistry, lithophile element bulk chemistry, and Sm‐Nd isotopic systematics suggest that they are highly fractionated igneous rocks and thus are products of common planetary differentiation processes. However, they also have primitive characteristics that are difficult to reconcile with extensive igneous processing. These include high abundances of siderophile elements, planetary‐type noble gases, and the oxygen isotopic signature of unequilibrated solar system materials. The incongruity between igneous and primitive features constitutes the most important problem in understanding ureilite petrogenesis. In this review the petrographic, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of ureilites are summarized, and the petrogenetic implications of these characteristics are discussed. The most important constraints on ureilite petrogenesis are: 1) Ureilites have lost a basaltic complement; 2) Ureilites had a two‐stage cooling history; 3) Ureilites are probably residues but partly crystallized from melts; 4) Ureilites are derived from a minimum of six reservoirs which were distinct in oxygen isotopic composition and did not equilibrate with one another; 5) A correlation between oxygen isotopic composition and mg ratio was established in ureilite parent material in the solar nebula; 6) If carbon‐metal‐silicate‐CO/CO2 equilibrium was maintained then the mg ratios of ureilites were pressure/depth‐dependent; however, if the pressure was sufficiently high (> 100–200 bars) that a CO/CO2 gas phase was not present then carbon and metal could have been at equilibrium with all ureilite mg ratios at the same pressure; 7) Ureilites either lost a low‐melting temperature metal fraction or gained a refractory‐rich metal component; 8) Primordial noble gases were retained in carbon in ureilites; 9) The ultramafic ureilite assemblage formed at ∼4.55 Ga, but Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isotopic systematics have been subsequently disturbed. Recently proposed models for ureilite petrogenesis are evaluated in terms of how well they satisfy these constraints; no models unequivocally satisfy all of them. Reconciling constraints 5 and 6 requires a large ureilite parent body.

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