Introduction: This retrospective study addressed the possible involvement of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, in particular LMP-1 expression, and further exogenous factors, i.e. tobacco, alcohol and occupational hazardous substances, in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a German population. Patients and Methods: From 1980 to 2000, 44 patients suffering from histologically confirmed NPC were entered into the study. 33 specimens were available for immunostaining (IHC) to analyze LMP-1 expression. Information about environmental exposures were obtained employing a detailed standardized questionnaire. Results: Outcome of patients with squamous cell NPC (SC-NPC) was significant worse than that of those with non-keratinizing NPC (NK-NPC). Age and tumor size correlated with response to therapy. The group with negative conventional LMP-1 staining showed better overall survival after 5 years compared to the group with positive or marginally positive LMP-1 detection (not significant). Nevertheless, after staining by tyramid- augmented IHC (TSA-IHC), nearly all specimens with negative LMP-1-staining in conventional IHC were found to be clearly positive. All patients with SC-NPC were smokers. The distribution of smokers and non-smokers in the group of NK-NPC was balanced. Comparable to the tobacco observation, there was also a correlation between high alcohol consumption and SC-NPC. Conclusion: Prognosis of NPC is mainly dependent on histologic type. Prognostic impact of LMP-1 is still unclear since LMP-1 was detected in all specimens using TSA-IHC. Therefore, TSA-IHC-LMP-1 detection might be interesting for diagnostic specification and development of new therapeutic strategies in NPC.

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