We present hospitalization costs and LOS for VUGIB and NVUGIB with and without complications. The reliability of our estimates rests with the size and the national representativeness of the databases used, and should prove helpful for cost analyses for UGIB requiring updated national estimates.

In this incident cohort, ten years after CKD onset, percentages of patients dying in different CKD stages as well as those surviving to different CKD stages varied greatly by race/ethnicity. More Blacks and Hispanics progressed to advanced stages and ESKD than Whites, which resulted in more patients in these two groups surviving on dialysis as well as dying on dialysis than Whites. Novel research is needed to understand why more Blacks and Hispanics approached to advanced CKD stages and ESKD than Whites after CKD onset.