Address by Congressman John E. Moss JOt-IN E. MOSS: For over twenty years, Congressman Moss has represented the Third Congressional District of California. He serves on the lnterstate and Foreign Comnierce Committee and the Government Operations Committee as velI as on several subcommittees He is chairman of the Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, which has legislative responsibility for securities matters in the House of Representatives. Mr. Moss also is chairman of the Foreign Operations and Government Information Subcommittee ot the Government Operations Committee.

It is not likely that traces of glaciation once existed here and have been obliterated, as the moorland plateau consists of uninhabited and unenclosed land where there is no necessity to remove boulders. Moreover, on hills immediately to the west, e.g., on the Macclesfield moors, and on the moors some miles to the north, e.g., on the Ilkley moors, glacial drift, boulders, and striae are found ; and it is inconceivable that all traces of glacial action should have been entirely obliterated from the moors of the central and eastern Peak District, and not from the similar and neighbouring moors of Macclesfield and Ilkley.It is highly probable, then, that the Peak of Derbyshire and the high lands to the north, east, and south of the Peak, stood up, even during the time of maximum glaciation, as a nunatak, and that the ice-sheet fringed the hills of the west of the district. The fluvio-glacial sands are probably attributable to material washed out at the edge of the waning ice-sheet. Barrow (1903 : 42) maintains that the glaciation of the neighbouring district of Cheadle, Staffordshire, ceased much earlier than in Northumberland and Scotland.River alluvium, consisting generally of gravels, occurs at the bottom of most of the larger valleys. The gravels are non-calcareous in the valleys of the sandstones and shales, as, for example, between Hope and Grindleford, and calcareous in the limestone area, as, for example, in lower Monsal Dale.They bring about no important changes in the vegetation. In lower Monsal Dale, a calcareous alluvial flat is uncultivated, and the plants there are such as occur on the other calcareous soils ; and near Grindleford, where a non-calcareous alluvial plain is also uncultivated, the plants are such as occur on the other non-calcareous soils. At the present time, the river gravels are mostly under cultivation, chiefly as permanent pasture ; but a moderate quantity of wheat is grown on the gravelly alluvium near the confluence of the two streams, the Noe Water and the Derwent. In early times, it is not improbable that these alluvial tracts were characterized by woods of the " alder and willow series " (cf. Moss, Rankin, and Tansley, 1910 : 122, et seq.).Peat occurs on the summits of the higher non-calcareous hills, including the plateaux of chert in the limestone area, and is fully dealt with in Chapter VII. It is remarkable that very extensive deposits of peat in this country, both lowland I]

It is not likely that traces of glaciation once existed here and have been obliterated, as the moorland plateau consists of uninhabited and unenclosed land where there is no necessity to remove boulders. Moreover, on hills immediately to the west, e.g., on the Macclesfield moors, and on the moors some miles to the north, e.g., on the Ilkley moors, glacial drift, boulders, and striae are found ; and it is inconceivable that all traces of glacial action should have been entirely obliterated from the moors of the central and eastern Peak District, and not from the similar and neighbouring moors of Macclesfield and Ilkley. It is highly probable, then, that the Peak of Derbyshire and the high lands to the north, east, and south of the Peak, stood up, even during the time of maximum glaciation, as a nunatak, and that the ice-sheet fringed the hills of the west of the district. The fluvio-glacial sands are probably attributable to material washed out at the edge of the waning ice-sheet. Barrow (1903 : 42) maintains that the glaciation of the neighbouring district of Cheadle, Staffordshire, ceased much earlier than in Northumberland and Scotland. River alluvium, consisting generally of gravels, occurs at the bottom of most of the larger valleys. The gravels are non-calcareous in the valleys of the sandstones and shales, as, for example, between Hope and Grindleford, and calcareous in the limestone area, as, for example, in lower Monsal Dale. They bring about no important changes in the vegetation. In lower Monsal Dale, a calcareous alluvial flat is uncultivated, and the plants there are such as occur on the other calcareous soils ; and near Grindleford, where a non-calcareous alluvial plain is also uncultivated, the plants are such as occur on the other non-calcareous soils. At the present time, the river gravels are mostly under cultivation, chiefly as permanent pasture ; but a moderate quantity of wheat is grown on the gravelly alluvium near the confluence of the two streams, the Noe Water and the Derwent. In early times, it is not improbable that these alluvial tracts were characterized by woods of the " alder and willow series " (cf. Moss, Rankin, and Tansley, 1910 : 122, et seq.). Peat occurs on the summits of the higher non-calcareous hills, including the plateaux of chert in the limestone area, and is fully dealt with in Chapter VII. It is remarkable that very extensive deposits of peat in this country, both lowland I] 11 3" 1 *a C O o ! 65 per cent.; and, at 500m., out of the 25 days on which readings were taken, the humidity fell below 60 per cent, on 12 days. The number of days on which the atmospheric humidity fell below 60 per cent., and the monthly distribution of these Hays, are indicated below :

INTRODUCTION. present paper is an attempt to deal, in a general way, with the character and distribution of the different types of natural and semi-natural woodland in England. It is a direct outcome of the work of the Central Committee for the Survey and Study of British Vegetation, formed at the end of 1904,* with the ohject of bringing into intimate association the various workers engaged in active study in the field of the nature and distribution of British vegetation.Before passing on to our special subject it will be useful to deal quite shortly with the method of vegetation study and representation adopted by the Committee in what they term " primary" survey of vegetation, and also with certain objections to this method of treating vegetation, which may perhaps be entertained in some quarters.The method of primary survey employed by the Committee was originally adapted by the late Robert Smith, of Dundee,^ from the system of cartography worked out by that acute plantgeographer. Professor Flahault of Montpellier,' whose pupil Smith was. A limited area of the country, either a natural physiographic region, or an area corresponding with one or more sheets of the " one-inch " Ordnance Survey map (1: 63,360), having been selected for survey, the different types of natural and semi-natural vegetation, and also the " artificial" types, such as farmland, plantations, and parks, occurring within the area, are distinguished ' New Phytologist, IV., 1905, p. 23. * Botanical Survey of Scotland : I., Edinburgh district. Scottish Geogr. Mag., 1900. * Ch. Flahault, Essai d'une carte botanique et forestidre, etc., Ann. de Geogr., 1891.hand, there are, of course, many plantations pure and simple which have been made on moorland, heath, grassland, or arable land, and which may of course consist of native or of exotic trees or of a mixture of the two. But between these two extremes, according to the conclusions of all the members of the British Vegetation Committee who have given any s'pecial attention to this subject, come the great majority of the British woods; which are neither virgin forest, nor plantations de novo, but are the lineal descendants, so to speak, of primitive woods. Such semi-natural woods, though often more or less planted, retain the essential features of natural woods as opposed to plantations, and without any reasonable doubt are characterised by many of the species which inhabited them in their original or virgin condition.' We may, in fact, construct a series leading from the one extreme of virgin forest to the other extreme of artificial plantation on open ground. Thus we may distinguish the following types:-(1). Primitive woodland which rejuvenates itself naturally, from self-sown seed or vegetatively, and in which felling has been, at the most, quite occasional and sporadic, and confined to isolated trees. Here we may place with confidence some of the woods of Quercus sessilifiora and of ash, which occur on the Pennines and in the Lake District.(2). Native woods in which there has been little or n...

No abstract