Simple SummaryThe analysis of circulating cortisol has been by far the most common method used as a means to assess fish stress responses and, thus, animal welfare. To avoid many of the drawbacks inherent to blood sampling, cortisol can be less-invasively detected in fish skin mucus. The measurement of cortisol in skin mucus however, has, to date, only been demonstrated as suitable for farm fish, although its application to free-ranging animals would offer many advantages. The present study was therefore designed to evaluate the applicability of skin mucus cortisol analysis as a potential tool to assess habitat quality. To that end, wild fish residing in environments of different habitat quality were sampled for blood and skin mucus. First, several physiological endpoints typically used as indicators of exposure to pollutants were accurately related to the habitat quality in the Catalan chub (Squalius laietanus). Second, cortisol levels in blood were also compared between habitats, and they were successfully correlated to skin mucus cortisol concentrations. Finally, we contrasted the patterns of response of all the endpoints assessed to skin mucus cortisol levels across the sites. The strong linkages detected in this study provide new evidence that the measurement of cortisol in skin mucus could be potentially used as a biomarker of habitat quality in freshwater fish. AbstractCortisol levels in fish skin mucus have shown to be good stress indicators in farm fish exposed to different stressors. Its applicability in free-ranging animals subject to long-term environmental stressors though remains to be explored. The present study was therefore designed to examine whether skin mucus cortisol levels from a wild freshwater fish (Catalan chub, Squalius laietanus) are affected by the habitat quality. Several well-established hematological parameters and cortisol concentrations were measured in blood and compared to variations in skin mucus cortisol values across three habitats with different pollution gradient. Fluctuations of cortisol in skin mucus varied across the streams of differing habitat quality, following a similar pattern of response to that detected by the assessment of cortisol levels in blood and the hematological parameters. Furthermore, there was a close relationship between cortisol concentrations in skin mucus and several of the erythrocytic alterations and the relative proportion of neutrophils to lymphocytes. Taken together, results of this study provide the first evidence that skin mucus cortisol levels could be influenced by habitat quality. Although results should be interpreted with caution, because a small sample size was collected in one studied habitat, the measurement of cortisol in skin mucus could be potentially used as a biomarker in freshwater fish.

The presence of sewage-borne Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMP) in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) effluents represents an increasing concern when water is reclaimed for irrigation or even indirect potable reuse. During eighteen months, an innovative hybrid water reclamation scheme based on a Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) enhanced with Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) was operated at pilot-scale (70 m 3 /d) in order to compare it with