OBJECTIVES:A daily assessment of the speed of action and effectiveness of treatment of a combination of paracetamol and codeine in patients suffering from intense pain, which has progressed since less than 7 days. METHODS: A multicentre longitudinal observational prospective study carried out in metropolitan France using data collected by general practitioners who agreed to participate. RESULTS: A total of 574 patients treated by a paracetamol-codeine combination (600mg/50mg and 400mg/20mg) were included. The severity of pain measured at inclusion using a visual numeric scale was 7Ϯ1.28. The severity of pain measured after half a day of treatment was 5.61Ϯ1.87 and 5.28 Ϯ 1.86 at the end of the first 24 hours of treatment. A significant improvement in pain was observed from the first half-day (pϽ0.001). The severity of pain on the 2nd, 4th and 7th evenings was respectively 4.08Ϯ1.85; 2.76Ϯ1.76 and 1.79 Ϯ1.69 On D1, 69.7% declared treatment to be effective, 61.04% were satisfied with their treatment and 79.26% did not observe any side effects to the treatment. On D7, 96.15% (D3, 91.3% ) declared treatment to be effective, 87.10% were satisfied with their treatment and 88.96% did not observe any side effects to the treatment. 8 out of 10 patients did not complain about side effects related to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in pain within the first 12 hours showed the pertinence of treatment using a paracetamol-codeine combination. This pertinence was confirmed by two-thirds patients who declared the treatment to be effective from the 1st day, and 91% of them declared this on the 3rd day

OBJECTIVES:The aim of the current study was to assess the patient characteristics, treatment patterns and health outcomes of adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with and without comorbid obesity in Brazil. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Brazil 2011 National Health and Wellness Survey, a self-reported patient survey of the adult Brazilian population (Nϭ12,000). Obese T2D patients (nϭ155) were compared with non-obese T2D patients (nϭ320) on demographics, HbA1c, insulin usage, health behaviors and prevalence of hypertension and high cholesterol. Differences amongst the two groups on levels of health status (assessed with the SF-12) were also analyzed in a series of multiple regressions, controlling for the effects of patients' socioeconomic status. RESULTS: T2D patients were mostly male (53.89%) and had a mean age of (54.97). A total of 87.79% of patients did not know their HbA1c and only 16.21% were on an insulin, neither of which varied by presence of obesity. Obese T2D patients were significantly more likely to belong to B1 socioeconomic group and significantly less likely to belong to C1 socioeconomic group than non-obese T2D patients (30% vs. 21% and 10% vs.19%, respectively, all pϽ0.05). Hypertension was significantly more prevalent among obese T2D patients than among non-obese T2D patients (61% vs. 43%, pϽ.05). Adjusting for differences in socioeconomic status, obese T2D patients reported significantly lower levels of PCS (Adjusted Mean (Madj)ϭ42.7 vs. 44.6, pϽ.05) and had significantly lower health utilities than non-obese T2D patients (Adjusted Mean (Madj)ϭ0.68 vs. 0.72, pϽ.05). CONCLUSIONS: Few patients in Brazil were aware of their HbA1c, suggesting a lack of patient education. ObeseT2D patients were more likely to report comorbid hypertension and worse health status yet were no more likely to use insulin than their non-obese counterparts. Improved patient education and management of obese T2D patients may improve health outcomes for these patients.

clinics of a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. Outpatients with type 2 diabetes were invited to participate the interviews for measuring QoL. After finishing the TTO exercise for measuring QoL, a semi-structured interview was followed to explore participant's view on the methods and specific attributes for trading off. TTO results were transformed to utility value, and interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed by constant comparison approach to saturation. RESULTS: Of all, 96 of the 100 participants completed the TTO (mean age: 55.8Ϯ11.0 years, 54.2% male) the average utility is 0.692Ϯ0.217, yet most participants (nϭ68, 70.8%) accepted current health status and life expectancy and were reluctant to give up any life years to exchange a full health. At interviews, participants revealed their worries, anxiety, discomfort and disturbances of daily life related to diabetes, but those factors were not considered when trading life year and health status during TTO exercise; instead, satisfaction of life expectancy, child-caring and selfrecognition on values of life were considered. Information provided by healthcare providers, peer supports and religions were found to help patients cope with the disease and improve health-related QoL. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with chronic, stable diabetes, an adaptation process may have diluted the impacts of patients' concerns on health-related QoL, and hence trading on life years and health status is inappropriate to measure QoL utility. Further study is to explore feasibility of TTO at different stages of diabetic complications, and cross-validate between TTO and other utility measures.