The satellite structure of core photoelectron and Auger lines of the copper dihalides are explained in terms of final-state energies diminished by Coulomb interactions between the valence electrons and the created core hole or holes. The satellite structure in the 3p and valence-band photoelectron spectra are shown to originate from the same final states as the L3M23M45 and L3M45M45 main Auger lines. The energies of the main core lines are shown to yield information about the valence ligand binding energies and therefore are sensitive to chemical shifts. The satellite lines are rather insensitive to chemical shifts but their intensities yield information concerning the relative positions of the Cu 3d and ligand valence holes and the amount of hybridization. In terms of the core line photoelectron and Auger spectra we show that an assignment can be made of the valence-band spectra. From a combination of all the results we conclude that especially CuC12 and CuBr2 are strongly covalent and we predict that in CuI2 the valence hole would be predominantly in the I Sp level which is probably the reason why this material is not stable-,

In recent publications it was pointed out that there is a correlation between the observed values of the solubility of proteins in aqueous solutions and the second virial coefficient of the solution. In this paper we give a theoretical explanation of this relation. The derived theoretical expression describes the experimentally observed relation between solubility and virial coefficient quite accurately. It is concluded that a variation of the crystallization conditions has little effect on the anisotropy or the range of the interactions between the protein molecules. Analysis of the data for lysozyme indicates a strong anisotropy of the interactions between the molecules.