A genetically marked Rhizobium meliloti strain, R692, was prepared by insertion of a 1.7-kb DNA segment from Tn903 between the nifHDK and fixABC genes in the nod megaplasmid. This DNA was used as a marker, detectable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for the specific identification of bacteria in soil samples and alfalfa nodules. This detection technique was tested by applying different titres of the marked strain to field plots seeded with alfalfa. Samples of soil and nodules were assayed for the presence of the marker DNA fragment by PCR using primers specific to the marker sequence. The experiments revealed that the bacteria could be detected directly in soil containing about 10(3)-10(4) bacteria/g, but greater sensitivity was prevented by potent PCR inhibitors present in the samples. The titre of the bacteria in the soil decreased rapidly after inoculation, dropping about 10-fold per week. Tests of vertical location of the bacteria in soil cores showed that the bacteria were initially dispersed to a depth of 18 cm, and subsequently retained viability in the top 2-8 cm. As few as 10 marked R. meliloti per gram of soil resulted in its establishment at detectable levels in nodules. Application of about 10(4)-10(5) bacteria/g soil was sufficient to give the maximum number of nodules per plant and resulted in 70-90% occupancy by the marked strain. Limited movement of the inoculant was detected by analysis of nodules from plants adjacent to the sites where the bacteria were applied, probably by movement in water. The experiments demonstrated the advantages of PCR for the monitoring of marked microorganisms in the environment.