Abstract:The unpredictable climate in wet tropical regions along with the spatial resolution limitations of some satellite imageries make detecting and mapping artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) challenging. The objective of this study was to test the utility of Pleiades and SPOT imagery with an object-based support vector machine (OB-SVM) classifier for the multi-temporal remote sensing of ASM and other land cover including a large-scale mine in the Didipio catchment in the Philippines. Historical spatial data on location and type of ASM mines were collected from the field and were utilized as training data for the OB-SVM classifier. The classification had an overall accuracy between 87% and 89% for the three different images-Pleiades-1A for the 2013 and 2014 images and SPOT-6 for the 2016 image. The main land use features, particularly the Didipio large-scale mine, were well identified by the OB-SVM classifier, however there were greater commission errors for the mapping of small-scale mines. The lack of consistency in their shape and their small area relative to pixel sizes meant they were often not distinguished from other land clearance types (i.e., open land). To accurately estimate the total area of each land cover class, we calculated bias-adjusted surface areas based on misclassification values. The analysis showed an increase in small-scale mining areas from 91,000 m 2 -or 0.2% of the total catchment area-in March 2013 to 121,000 m 2 -or 0.3%-in May 2014, and then a decrease to 39,000 m 2 -or 0.1%-in January 2016.

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The effective management of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) on regional and national scales must be based on good understanding of land and water footprints from various land use and land covers. The diffuse, dynamic and often remote nature of ASM means that traditional ground-based surveys are likely to be impractical except for local scale studies. Remote sensing offers a low-cost option for surveying land use changes and water turbidity, and quantifying the impact of ASM on water quality. However, there are questions about the reliability of remote sensing products for these tasks, and there is a need for recommendations about suitable products, data resolutions and analysis techniques. A case study of the Addalam river basin in the Cagayan region, situated in Luzon forming a part of the Philippine archipelago, was used to address these research questions. The value of alternative satellite products was tested using independent sources of land use, suspended sediments and turbidity data from project partners OceanaGold (Philippines), International RiverFoundation, and local government agencies. The unpredictable climate in wet tropical regions, and the spatial limitations of current satellite imageries are the challenges for remote detection of ASM. Pleiades and SPOT imageries were identified as potentially suitable and were tested. Historical spatial data on location and type of ASM mines were collected from the field, and were utilised as training data for classification through the OB-SVM classifier. The analysis resulted in overall accuracy between 87% and 89% for three different images; Pleiades-1A HiRI sensor for the 2013 and 2014 images, and SPOT-6 NAOMI sensor for the 2016 image. The main land use features, particularly the Didipio large-scale mine, were well identified by the OB-SVM classifier; however, the presence of small-scale mines was slightly under identified. The lack of consistency in their shape, and their small scale compared to the pixel sizes, meant they could not be reliably distinguished from other land clearance types. The biasedadjusted surface areas were acquired to determine the best possible estimates of the area variation in small-scale mines throughout the year. The image analysis indicated an increase in small-scale mining area from 91,000 m 2 or 0.2% in March 2013 to 121,000 m 2 or 0.3% in May 2014, and then a decrease to 39,000 m 2 or 0.1% in January 2016. Various land use features in a mining region have different sediment yields, which have significant influence on the concentration of suspended solids in rivers. In-situ sampling can only describe the integrated impact of the upstream land uses. A model of total suspended solids (TSS) through the acquired surface reflectance from calibrated satellite images can be used to assess the fate and transport of sediments throughout the catchment of Didipio. The surface reflectance data from the Publications during candidature No publications included v Publications included in this thesis Publication citationincorporated as ...