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Summary. A low rate of spontaneous cell death by apoptosis was found in a L>HA/2 mouse mastocytoma growinj? in culture. It was not significantly altered by additun. of .splenic lymphocytes horn normal G57BL miee. but was massively enhanced by lymphocytes from mice previously immunized against tbe tumour Ge Is sbow-ing ultrastrnctural changes of early apoptosis in tbe latter experiments had Knipbootes firmly attached to tbeir surfaces, suggesting that cellular iimnnne attack induces apoptosis directly: the cell budding to produce niembiane-bonnded fragments with well preserved organelles characteristic of tbe later stages of the process was assoeiated with lymphocytic detachment. lhe.se cdl fragments or apoptotic bodies were not pbagocyto.sed by vhvUc cells as they are uhen apoptosis takes place in tissues, and underwent secondary degeneration with ballooning of organelles and rnptuie of membranes while still suspended in the medium.The niajor wave of lymphocyte-induced apoptosis occurred within the hrst .3 h of ineubation. The number of well preserved apoptotic bodies reached a peak at Hi h and thereafter declined, whereas ceil debris increased progressively. The n.aximum rate of release of alxsorbed .'"Cr from tumour cells coincided m time witb tbe wave of apoptosis, but difficulty in asse.ssing the rel'Uive rates of formation and secondary degeneration of apoptotic bodies made it in.possible to determine whether the release was particularly associated with one or other of these processes.That cellular i.nmune attack shonJd induce a type of cell death known to occur m normal tissues has implications for tbe hypothesis that tb-, immune system eontniuousiy motn'tors cells and eliminates tbose tbat undergo significant antigcnic change. * 'Present address: SC1K,O1

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Past research has identified a subgenre of mainstream pornography that attempts to create the illusion for consumers that sex is occurring between an adult and a minor (i.e., a child or young adolescent under the age of 18). This illusion is established through various textual, verbal, visual, and behavioral cues. Although the construction of adult-minor relationships in pornography has received some scholarly attention, there has been no attempt to investigate this phenomenon within pornographic videos available through the Internet. The current study addressed this omission by analyzing for content 150 of the most popular "teen" pornography videos appearing on three pornography websites. The researchers coded for textual, visual, verbal, and behavioral content that connoted sexual activity between an adult and a minor.Results indicated that a small number of videos (28, 18.7% of the sample) contained a disproportionate percentage of cues (54.2%), with the remaining videos containing little or no youth sexualized content. The researchers conclude that only a subsample of videos clearly attempted to portray adult-minor relationships. The prevalence of various cues within the sample was quantified and discussed, as were limitations associated with this study and directions for future research.

Discrimination against sexual minorities is widespread and has deleterious consequences on victims' psychological and physical wellbeing. However, a review of the psychometric properties of instruments measuring lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) discrimination has not been conducted. The results of this review, which involved evaluating 162 articles, reveal that most have suboptimal psychometric properties. Specifically, myriad scales possess questionable content validity as (1) items are not created in collaboration with sexual minorities; (2) measures possess a small number of items and, thus, may not sufficiently represent the domain of interest; and (3) scales are "adapted" from measures designed to examine race- and gender-based discrimination. Additional limitations include (1) summed scores are computed, often in the absence of scale score reliability metrics; (2) summed scores operate from the questionable assumption that diverse forms of discrimination are necessarily interrelated; (3) the dimensionality of instruments presumed to consist of subscales is seldom tested; (4) tests of criterion-related validity are routinely omitted; and (5) formal tests of measures' construct validity are seldom provided, necessitating that one infer validity based on the results obtained. The absence of "gold standard" measures, the attendant difficulty in formulating a coherent picture of this body of research, and suggestions for psychometric improvements are noted.