Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the gap between definition and practical aspects of production efficiency in mass customization (MC). The paper summarizes all major issues impacting efficiency in MC. Also, the paper reviews metrics, relationship between various parameters and provides a best practices benchmark toolkit to achieve higher machine efficiencies. Design/methodology/approach The paper identified and categorized multiple challenges impacting machine efficiency in MC through a literature review spanning over three decades, and also ranked the identified issue-based parameters. Top issues were found varying across different types of industries identified through the review. Metrics pertaining to efficiency and degree of MC are reviewed in the paper. A chronological review of issues is presented, and a chain diagram is built in the paper. Toolkit of best practices created with solution strategies and tools are summarized through the review. Findings The paper found that MC reasonably impacts machine efficiency which needs to be addressed. Major issues through literature review-based ranking are uncovered, and worldwide research trend and comparison are presented. Active research in this area is observed to be at its peak since 2010. The extensive use of strategies and benchmark toolkit for improving efficiency are summarized. Research limitations/implications Ranking of issues has been done through a literature review; hence, there can be skewness depending on the frequency of issues researched by various authors in various areas of industries. Practical implications This paper is useful for manufacturing managers and companies willing to increase the size of their product portfolio and choices within their available resources without compromising machine efficiencies and, thereby, the cost. The identified issues help in providing a comprehensive issue list to the academia. Originality/value This paper describes what is believed to be the first study that explicitly examines the issues faced in achieving machine efficiency while manufacturing in an MC environment.

This paper describes a multirate repetitive learning controller with an adjustable sampling rate that may be used as an “add-on” module to enhance the tracking performance of a feedback control system. The sampling rate of the multirate controller is slower than the remainder of the control system, and is selected by the user to achieve the required system performance based on a trade-off between the accuracy and the complexity of the controller. The multirate controller learns the system control input based on the tracking error down-sampled using a weighted averaging filter. The output of the multirate controller is up-sampled through an arbitrary hold mechanism determined by the user. This paper extends the existing stability results for single-rate repetitive learning controllers to the proposed multirate scheme. It provides an explicit procedure for its design and stability analysis. In addition, the proposed multirate repetitive learning controller is implemented on a mechanical system performing a non-colocated control task, where its effectiveness in reducing tracking errors while following periodic reference trajectories is shown experimentally.

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Abstrnct-This paper introduces a multirate repetitive learning controller with an adjustable sampling rate that can be used as an "add-on" module to further enhance the performance of a feedback control system. As a result of its multirate characteristics, the user can choose a sampling rate t o achieve the required performance based on a trade-off between the accuracy and the complexity of the controller. The controller learns the plant input based on the tracking error down-sampled using a weighted averaging Alter. The learned control input is subsequently passed to the plant through an arbitrary hold mechanism determined by the user. This paper extends the existing stability results for single-rate repetitive controllers t o the proposed multirate scheme. It also provides an explicit procedure for its design and stability analysis. In addition, the proposed multirate controller has been implemented on hardware and its effectiveness in tracking applications has been verified experimentally.

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