The quality of the pedal arch did not influence the patency or the amputation-free survival rates. However, the rates for healing and time to healing were directly influenced by the quality of the pedal arch rather than the angiosome revascularized.

No abstract

The investigation of male infertility is assuming greater importance, with male factors implicated as a causal factor in up to half of infertile couples. Following routine history, examination and blood tests, imaging is frequently utilised in order to assess the scrotal contents for testicular volume and morphology. Additionally, this may give indirect evidence of the presence of possible reversible pathology in the form of obstructive azoospermia. Further imaging in the form of transrectal ultrasound and MRI is then often able to categorise the level of obstruction and facilitate treatment planning without resort to more invasive imaging such as vasography. Ultrasound guidance of therapy such as sperm or cyst aspiration and vasal cannulation may also be performed. This article reviews the imaging modalities used in the investigation of male infertility, and illustrates normal and abnormal findings that may be demonstrated.

Kainate also reduced the responses to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 20 mm K . 4 The inhibitory action of NMDLA, but not kainate, could be reversed with the NMDA antagonists, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) and MK-801; DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) was without effect. Since MK-801 blocks the ion channels associated with the NMDA receptor, it appears that inhibition requires the entry of ions into the cell. 5 APV and MK-801 potentiated the stimulatory response to ibotenate but had no effect on the response to quisqualate. Potentiation was presumably the result of blocking the inhibition by ibotenate mediated through NMDA receptors. 6 In conclusion, excitatory amino acids appear to reduce agonist-mediated inositol phosphate formation in rat cerebral cortex by a non-specific action, possibly including the influx of Na+ ions. In addition ibotenate and quisqualate substantially enhance inositol phosphate production: the pharmacology of the response suggests that it is mediated by a receptor distinct from previously defined excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.