Graphical abstract

S255 cise (94 ± 24 and 113 ± 30 vs 66 ± 16; p < 0.05). Exercise LVSV was not significantly affected by DAB in EA and BEA, however was reduced in C with DAB (66 ± 16 vs 57 ± 15; p < 0.05). Differences in SV were due to significantly lower exercise ESV in EA and BEA with DAB, C not significantly altered (interaction p = 0.004). No significant change in EDV with exercise or DAB across any groups (interaction p = 0.997). Conclusions: Athletes can better maintain SV during exercise under the challenge of DAB, predominantly via greater reductions in ESV. DAB seems an effective challenge to elucidate enhanced cardiac physiology.

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