To combat COVID-19, various health agencies around the world gave emergency approval for vaccines. Therefore, the long-term protective effect and the potential adverse effects of the vaccines on immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and geriatrics might not be well-established. The aim of this review was to assess the safety and efficacy of a number of the most commonly approved vaccines all over the world. A review was made to identify clinical trials that studied the vaccines’ efficacy and case reports of potential suspected vaccine-related adverse events. The electronic databases searched to identify relevant studies were Science Direct, PubMed/Medline, Scopus and MedRxiv. Seven randomized controlled trials which assessed the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and case reports which reported the vaccines’ adverse events were included in the review. The efficacy of the vaccines was found to be 94.6% for Pfizer vaccine, 94.1% for Moderna vaccine, 66.1% for Johnson and Johnson’s, 76.4% for Covishield, 91.6% for Sputnik, and 77.8% for Covaxin. No severe adverse events were reported in the studies. All the reported adverse events were mild, self-sustaining and did not require any medical intervention. All the COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated promising immunogenicity profile, different degrees of protective effectiveness and a tolerable safety profile. However, further research to evaluate the efficacy and safety in vulnerable populations including immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and geriatric populations are needed. The long term post marketing surveillance becomes a very important part of identifying the efficacy and side effects among different populations.

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition in which the valves of the heart are damaged, it is mainly caused by Group A Streptococcus, it mainly affects the paediatrics and young adults. Inflammation occurs in the joints, heart and blood vessels due to group A streptococcus. The exact pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease is unknown. It is manifested as fatigue, chest pain and shortness of breath; pulmonary hypertension, heart failure are some of the complications of the disease. Endocarditis, viral myocarditis and prolapse of the mitral valve are the differential diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease. It is diagnosed by revised Jones and World Heart Federation criteria. Benzylpenicillin is the first-line drug for rheumatic heart disease, followed by oral Penicillin V, Erythromycin can be recommended. Paediatrics who are allergic to Penicillin Azithromycin, Erythromycin can be recommended based on Indian paediatrics and World Health Organization guidelines. It is prevented by reducing the exposure to infection in high-risk regions; treat with appropriate antibiotics; prevent recurrence of infections and complications. The aim of this review is to highlight rheumatic heart disease in paediatric population.