Both the radiographic SVC/RA junction and the thoracic vertebral bodies are not reliable landmarks for the SVC/RA junction defined by TEE. Physicians should be aware that using the radiographic SVC/RA junction to confirm proper positioning of permanent central venous catheters risks placing the catheter tip in the upper SVC, with subsequent potential long-term complications. More reliable radiographic landmarks for the SVC/RA junction should be investigated.

Fourteen patients with biochemically proven Wilson's disease underwent neuroimaging evaluation. The MRI manifestations could be classified as degenerative change and atrophic change. The degenerative change, most well documented on T2-weighted image, usually involves thalamus, lentiform nucleus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons and caudate nucleus. The atrophic change, which is better shown on Tlweighted image, reveals as brain stem, cerebellar or cortical atrophy as well as ventricular dilatation. Repeated MRI evaluation was performed in nine patients who had received treatment for more than 14 months, degenerative change could be reversed significantly in eight cases and another one case whose MRI was kept in normal condition, which suggest the importance of long-term management.