Paired bone-in pork loins (n = 110 pairs) trimmed to 3.2 and 6.4 mm subcutaneous fat were placed j v e per box in modified-atmosphere packages (MAP) and stored for up to 19 days at 1 "C. Using commercial conditions and a single jlush of 0.61 l/kg of meat of carbon dioxide (COJ, the resulting CO, concentration was 78.5 %, which then decreased to 55.1 % (day 3) and 41 5% (day 19). Oxygen, 3.1 % initially, increased to 7.2 % (day 3), decreased to 3 % (day lS), then increased to 7.1 %. Although microbial counts increasedfrom 3 to 19 days, those through 9 days of MAP (331 CFU/cm2) were lower than prior to MAP (653 CFU/cm2). Longer storage increased (P < 0.05) loin weight loss; off-odor; and discoloration of the blade and sirloin lean, subcutaneous fat, and bone surface. @-odor intensity and microbial levels were acceptable at day 19, thus discoloration was the limiting factor in loin shelf-life and retail chop display color stability.

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The Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor (AFBC) can utilize a wide variety of solid fuels while meeting strict emission standards. Combined with in-bed and flue gas heat exchangers, an AFBC fired system is compatible with the needs and requirements of industrial plants which have process fluid energy usage rates as low as 5,000,000 Btu/hr. The physical size of components, the technological data base, and capital investment costs are such that the AFBC is a credible alternative for both new and retrofitted plant processes. As a result, AFBC fired process air and process steam systems are now commercially available. By combining an AFBC process air heater with an Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OGT), the indirectly heated clean air can provide plant electrical power, hot process streams, as well as space heat if needed. The cogeneration configuration can increase the rate of return on the AFBC investment and can lead to more efficient utilization of national energy resources. In this paper, the AFBC-OGT cogeneration configuration is reviewed and compared with AFBC-steam turbine configurations and with the AFBC fired process heater in an industrial plant environment. ABSTRACTThe Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor (AFBC) can utilize a wide variety of solid fuels while meeting strict emission standards. Combined with in-bed and flue gas heat exchangers, an AFBC fired system is compatible with the needs and requirements of industrial plants which have process fluid energy usage rates as low as 5,000,000 BTU/hour. The physical size of components, the technological data base, and capital investment costs are such that the AFBC is a credible alternative for both new and retrofitted plant processes. As a result, AFBC fired process air and process steam systems are now commercially available.By combining an AFBC process air heater with an Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OGT), the indirectly heated clean air can provide plant electrical power, hot process streams, as well as space heat if needed. The cogeneration configuration can increase the rate of return on the AFBC investment and can lead to more efficient utilization of national energy resources. In this paper the AFBC-OGT cogeneration configuration is reviewed and compared with AFBC-steam turbine configurations and with the AFBC fired process heater in an industrial plant environment.

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An Atmospheric Fluidized Bed (AFB) combustor providing thermal input to gas turbines is a promising near-term means of decreasing national premium fuel consumption, in an AFB many solid fuels, including marginal fuels such as anthracite culm, bituminous gob, high sulfur coals, lignite, and petroleum coke, can be used effectively providing both very low emission levels and acceptable return-on-investment. This paper discusses the state of AFB/gas turbine cogeneration technology with reference to typical industrial plant applications. Design considerations and design limits for both the AFB heat exchangers and the topping combustor are discussed and compared. An example based on plant process data and commercially available components is also presented. Both the heat exchangers and the combustors are viewed with reference to state-of-the-art technology.