Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) vectors have shown promise as therapeutic agents for neurologic disorders. However, intracerebral administration of this vector leads to preferential transduction of neurons and a restricted region of transgene expression. The recently developed rAAV vectors based upon nonserotype 2 viruses have the potential to overcome these limitations. Therefore, we directly compared a rAAV type 1 to a type 2 vector in the murine brain. The vectors were engineered to carry identical genomes (AAV2 terminal repeat elements flanking an enhanced green fluorescent protein expression cassette) and were administered by stereotaxic-guided intracerebral injection. We found that the rAAV1 vector (rAAV1-GFP) had a 13-to 35-fold greater transduction efficiency than that of the rAAV2 vector (rAAV2-GFP). Also, rAAV1-transduced cells were observed at a greater distance from the injection site than rAAV2-transduced cells. Neurons were the predominant cell type transduced by both vector types. However, in contrast to rAAV2-GFP, rAAV1-GFP was capable of transducing glial and ependymal cells. Thus, rAAV1-based vectors have biologic properties within the brain distinct from that of rAAV2. These differences might be capitalized upon to develop novel gene transfer strategies for neurologic disorders.