The accuracy that can be achieved by a single GPS receiver in stand-alone mode is around 10 metres with SA switched off; this is not adequate for most hydrographic studies. This study aims to improve this level of accuracy using a single geodetic receiver in stand-alone mode by applying a phase smoothing algorithm. The algorithm described in this study requires that the measurements be started from a known point for initialisation. The test site selected for the study is Halic bay, Istanbul. After GPS data were collected on a geodetic point for initialisation, the receiver was moved to a hydrographic vessel and trial measurements were performed along several survey profiles. The position of the vessel was calculated at every epoch using the carrier phase smoothing algorithm. In order to analyse the accuracy of the results, a second receiver collected data on another known point on the seashore during the whole session. The position of the vessel was accurately determined using a kinematic positioning method considering the data collected by both receivers. The results produced show that an accuracy of less than a metre can be achieved using the approach considered in this study. K E Y W O R D S1. GPS. 2. Phase Smoothing. 3. Hydrography. I N T R O D U C T I O N.The positioning accuracy requirements in marine and hydrographic applications are varied. In marine applications, 50-100 metre accuracy might be sufficient for oceanographic and general navigation purposes whereas an accuracy of several metres is essential for ships approaching harbour. On the other hand, hydrographic applications are usually categorized with respect to the accuracy requirements as low, medium and high. Whilst the first one requires t100 m positional accuracy, the second requires t1 to 10 m positional accuracy. The highest accuracy required is t0 . 1 m in position and height (Seeber, 1993). GPS techniques can be used in a wide range of marine survey applications for a variety of reasons, mainly due to being independent of weather conditions, having no requirement for the inter-visibility of survey points and being able to conduct surveying during night and day, and providing accurate and reliable results. Positioning
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