Introduction: Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) represent a silent epidemic and are the leading cause of 80% of non traumatic lower-limb amputations. Anaemia in diabetes may have adverse effects on systemic diseases and predict the progression of diabetes complications. Biofilms act as a mechanical barrier to antimicrobials and immune system cells and contribute to Multidrug Resistance (MDR). Aim: To determine the bacteriome and mycobiome of diabetic ulcers and the associated biofilm formation and anti-microbial resistance profile of the pathogens. Also, to determine the molecular characterisation of biofilm-forming resistant isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 150 diabetic patients with non healing ulcers and was chosen and studied from January-December 2019. Pus and tissue bit samples were processed as per standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Biofilm formation was detected by the tissue culture plate method. Molecular characterisation of resistant pathogens was done by PCR. Variables were expressed as proportions or percentages. Results: Out of 150 diabetic patients, 17.3% of patients underwent amputation. A 90% of patients were associated with anaemia. Most ulcers were polymicrobial in nature. Predominantly isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 37 (17.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus 33 (15.2%) among aerobic bacteria, Peptostreptococcus 10 (4.6%) among the anaerobes and Candida albicans 20 (9.2%) in fungus. Gram negative bacteria showed high sensitivity to piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and gram positive cocci to vancomycin and linezolid. A 82% of bacterial isolates and 50% of fungal isolates were biofilm producers. Staphylococcus aureus was a strong biofilm producer. On molecular characterisation, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23, mecA genes were present in resistant biofilm-forming isolates. Conclusion: Polymicrobial wound infection and biofilm formation in DFU confers antibiotic resistance and contributes to Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDRO’s). However, proper antibiotic surveillance and antibiotic policy, and preventive strategies can curtail the spread of resistant strains.

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Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death in developing and developed countries. Infectious etiology is also suspected to be a significant risk factor in these cases. CMV is a beta herpes virus. Once infected, the person carries the virus for life.80% adults show CMV specific antibodies in their serum indicating the high prevalence of CMV infection. Aim: To know the seroprevalence of CMV infection in patients with CAD Materials and Methods: Clinically stable patients undergoing coronary angiography because of symptoms suspected of CAD were included in the study. The samples were tested for specific anti-CMV IgG antibodies by ELISA Results: Of 150 patients, 86 % had detectable quantities of anti-CMV IgG antibodies in their serum. 15 patients (10%) were found to be 'borderline positive,' and the antibody index was between 0.9 to 1.1. 6 patients (4%) did not have detectable quantities of anti-CMV IgG antibodies in their serum. Prevalence of CAD was 100% in the study group. Conclusion:Cytomegalovirus is an essential cause of atherosclerosis due to the infectious burden. In the study population, 86% of the patients showed elevated levels of anti-CMV IgG antibody. So, there is an association between CMV infection and coronary artery disease.

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