Data from this study support the effectiveness of palivizumab in significantly modifying RSV-related hospitalizations in high risk preterm infants, with and without CLD, during two respiratory seasons.

The RSV-RS accurately identified 33-35GA infants at increased risk for RSV-H in a Canadian cohort. External validation with Spanish case-control study data further confirmed that the scoring tool is appropriate for the estimation of RSV-H risk.

IntroductionMammographic density (MD) is considered a strong predictor of Breast Cancer (BC). The objective of the present study is to explore the association between MD and the compliance with the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) recommendations for cancer prevention.MethodsData of 3584 women attending screening from a population-based multicenter cross-sectional study (DDM-Spain) collected from October 7, 2007 through July 14, 2008, was used to calculate a score that measures the level of compliance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations: R1)Maintain adequate body weight; R2)Be physically active; 3R)Limit the intake of high density foods; R4)Eat mostly plant foods; R5)Limit the intake of animal foods; R6)Limit alcohol intake; R7)Limit salt and salt preserved food intake; R8)Meet nutritional needs through diet. The association between the score and MD (assessed by a single radiologist using a semi-quantitative scale) was evaluated using ordinal logistic models with random center-specific intercepts adjusted for the main determinants of MD. Stratified analyses by menopausal status and smoking status were also carried out.ResultsA higher compliance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations was associated with lower MD (OR1-unit increase = 0.93 95%CI:0.86;0.99). The association was stronger in postmenopausal women (OR = 0.91 95%CI:0.84;0.99) and nonsmokers (OR = 0.87;95%CI:0.80;0.96 for nonsmokers, OR = 1.01 95%CI:0.91;1.12 for smokers, P-interaction = 0.042). Among nonsmokers, maintaining adequate body weight (OR = 0.81 95%CI:0.65;1.01), practicing physical activity (OR = 0.68 95%CI:0.48;0.96) and moderating the intake of high-density foods (OR = 0.58 95%CI:0.40;0.86) and alcoholic beverages (OR = 0.76 95%CI:0.55;1.05) were the recommendations showing the strongest associations with MD.Conclusionspostmenopausal women and non-smokers with greater compliance with the WCRF/AICR guidelines have lower MD. These results may provide guidance to design specific recommendations for screening attendants with high MD and therefore at higher risk of developing BC.

ABSTRACT. Many newborn mammals decrease metabolism and body temperature (Tb) during acute hypoxia. We asked what effects warming of the hypoxic newborn would have on these variables. In unanesthetized newborn cats and dogs, we measured the breathing pattern, C 0 2 production, Tb, and ambient temperature during normoxia at an ambient temperature of 28"C, 30 min of hypoxia (10% 02), and an additional 30 min of hypoxia plus warming. During hypoxia, Tb and COz production decreased in both species, whereas the absolute value of ventilation did not change in kittens and increased in puppies. During hypoxia plus warming, Tb was gradually returned to the normoxic value by increasing ambient temperature by 3 to 4.5OC. This increase did not modify C 0 2 production in either species, and it increased minute ventilation in kittens. We conclude that during hypoxia 1 ) warming the newborn can increase Tb, but not metabolism, to the normoxic value; 2) the decrease in Tb is not a causative prerequisite of the hypoxia-hypometabolism; and 3) an artificial increase in Tb to the normoxic value can stimulate minute ventilation, probably because it is perceived as an hyperthermic stimulus. In many newborn mammals, including infants, metabolic rate and Tb decrease during acute hypoxia (1-7). The mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are not understood, nor is it clear whether the drop in Tb and the metabolic adaptation are linked by a cause-effect relationship. In newborn cats, hypoxia would not lower oxygen consumption if the animals were maintained at about 34"C, which is their normoxic thermoneutral value (8), whereas both Tb and metabolism decrease during hypoxia at 28 to 30°C (2, 5, 6), a range of Ta that is similar to or slightly higher than that experienced in the nest (9). In newborn rats, metabolic rate decreases during hypoxia even at Ta values equivalent to the lower end of their normoxic thermoneutral range (3, 10). One hypothesis, therefore, could be that, in a newborn, even a small hypothermic stress favors the hypometabolic response during hypoxia. If this interpretation were correct, it would follow that in a hypoxic newborn both T b and metabolism could be returned to the normoxic values by means of external body warming.An alternative possibility could be that during hypoxia T b decreases as the result of the hypometabolism and reduced heat production and adjusts to what would represent the normal value for that metabolic conditions, similarly to the mechanism of T b resetting of hibernators (1 1). In such a case, external warming of the hypoxic newborn would act as an hyperthermic challenge, which could raise Tb but not necessarily increase metabolic rate.In these experiments, we attempted to gain some insights into the relationship between body temperature and metabolic rate of the hypoxic newborn by simulating a condition of acute hypoxia in newborn cats and dogs at first maintained at the average Ta of their nest. As expected, we observed a drop in Tb and Vco2. With the animals under continuous hypoxia, we t...