This article describes a study which sets out to examine how changes in student patterns of learning, in particular the demise of the design ‘baseroom’ and the growth of online learning, might have on the crit. The study found that the crit constitutes a heightened moment of exchange between staff and students in the new landscape of learning. The crit, in this context, becomes a powerful vehicle for the induction and inculturation of students into the dominant mores and beliefs of a programme and its discipline. Paradoxically the research found that the crit was a poor vehicle for students to demonstrate their understanding of the context of their practice. The article argues for a reconsideration of the role and function of the crit in design pedagogy so that it might become a more effective vehicle for students to articulate their critical disposition to their discipline.

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SUMMARY:The age-dependent changes in the kidney are often debilitating, can be life-threatening and are a significant cause of increasing health costs worldwide. Excessive fibrosis, a general lack of regenerative ability and an increase in apoptosis in cells that determine healthy renal function work together to cause chronic kidney disease. This review provides information on the molecules and mechanisms that determine the age-dependent effects in the kidney, and in particular, the effects of cellular metabolism and oxidant handling on the ageing kidney. With a better understanding of the influence of ageing on the structural and functional alterations that occur, new targeted therapies may be developed to minimize renal damage and promote health in the elderly.KEY WORDS: ageing, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), oxidative stress, p66Shc, renal fibrosis.

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