This article describes the behavior of electron-cyclotron-resonance-heated plasmas, with particular attention paid to mirror-confined plasmas, which are of great interest in plasma processing and in highly charged ion production. Using a one-dimensional (in velocity) description of the electron distribution function, we calculate the electron density and confinement time. The theoretical results are compared with experiments, and it is shown that a maximum critical density can be achieved in such plasmas.

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Kinetic energy distributions have been measured for O+ photofragments resulting from transitions O2+ (a 4Πu, v″, J″, Ω″) →O2+ (b 3Σg−,v′=4,N′,F′) →O+(4S0) +O(3P), where for the first time in the study of photodissociation all relevant quantum numbers involved are specified. Both 16,16O2+ and 16,18O2+ were studied. The measurements were made using a laser-ion coaxial-beams photofragment spectrometer, a single-mode laser, and velocity tuning of the absorption wavelength. Experimental values of the anisotropy parameter β, which describes the angular distributions of the photofragments, were obtained by fitting the experimental energy distributions with calculated distributions, obtained from a Monte Carlo computer simulation of ion trajectories in the apparatus. Values of β were thus determined with an uncertainty of ±0.05 or less. They are compared with theoretical values of β obtained by a generalization to Hund’s case (b) of the theory previously developed by R. N. Zare. In a similar manner, values of the kinetic energy of separation of the photofragments in the center-of-mass system, W, are determined with an accuracy, in the most favorable case, of ±0.14 meV. The experimental W values are used, along with other spectroscopic data, to improve the bond dissociation energy values of the ground X 3Σg− state of O2, and of the a and b states of O2+. It is shown that for W<50 meV the dissociation strongly favors the O(3P2) channel over 3P1 and 3P0. This result is compared with several possible limiting-case models of the long-range couplings involved in the dissociation process, and it is concluded that the dissociation proceeds in a completely adiabatic way. Finally, further possible refinements of the present work are discussed.