The study examined the impact of financial risk management practices on the financial performance of commercial banks in Botswana. The study used Return on Asset and Return on Equity to measure financial performance. Inflation, Interest rates, total debt to total assets, total debt to total equity, total equity to total assets and loan deposit ratios were used as proxies for financial risk management. The research population was all the 10 commercial banks in Botswana and the study covered a period of 8 years from 2011 to 2018. This descriptive study sourced monthly secondary data from Bank of Botswana Financial Statistics database. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were applied to analyze the data. The results from regression analysis showed that interest rates had a negative and significant impact on return on assets and on return on equity. On the other hand, total debt to total assets showed a negative and insignificant effect on return on assets. However, total debt to total assets, revealed a positive and insignificant effect on return on equity. The loan deposit ratio indicated a negative and significant impact on return on assets and on return on equity. Findings suggest that banks should strike a proper balance between financial risk management practices and financial performance by engaging in appropriate market, credit, and liquidity risk management practices that will ensure safety for their banks and yield positive profits.

The study examined the impact of liquidity management on the financial performance of commercial banks in Botswana. The study used Return on Assets and Return on Equity to measure financial performance. Cash and cash equivalents to total assets ratio, Cash to deposits ratio, Loans to deposits ratio, Loans to total assets ratio, Liquid assets to total assets ratio, and Liquid assets to deposits ratio were used as proxies for liquidity management. The research population was all the 9 commercial banks in Botswana and the study covered a period of 9 years from 2011 to 2019. This descriptive study sourced monthly secondary data from Bank of Botswana Financial Statistics database. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were applied to analyse the data. The results from regression analysis show statistically significant positive relationships for Loans to total assets ratio and Liquid assets to total assets ratio with return on assets and return on equity. Loans to deposits ratio and Liquid assets to deposits ratio had statistically significant negative relationships with return on assets and return on equity. Cash and cash equivalents to total assets ratio had statistically insignificant positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity whilst cash to deposits ratio had statistically insignificant negative relationship with return on assets and return on equity. Findings suggest that the commercial banks should try to optimize liquidity variables to boost bank performance. The policy makers also, through the Central Bank, should come up with initiatives such as prescribing minimum liquidity requirements that will help banks to stay profitable.

The paper presents the findings of the analysis of the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on working capital management efficiency in the listed companies of the Consumer service sector in Botswana. Eight corporate governance elements and seven working capital components were extracted from the annual reports of a sample of six companies for the period 2012 to 2017 for the analysis. Thirty six observations were obtained. Pearson correlations were executed to determine the relationship between corporate governance elements and working capital components. OLS regression analysis was performed to establish the explaining power of the combination of corporate governance elements on each of the working capital components. The correlation analysis shows that number of non-executive directors has a significant negative but moderate relationship with cash conversion cycle and number of board subcommittees has significant positive but moderate relationship with Debt ratio. The regression results suggest that corporate governance mechanisms have a significant impact on working capital management, the highest impact being reflected on inventory conversion period. The implications of these findings are that boards of directors have a significant role to play in working capital management efficiency of the companies they govern. They should therefore continue providing attainable policies on working capital management and remain vigilant on demanding feedback on their implementations.

The co-operative sector plays an important role in a country's socio-economic development. This paper evaluated the financial performance of 9 selected Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOSs) in Botswana by analysing audited financial statements of a five-year period from 2008 to 2012. The analytical techniques used include descriptive statistics of financial aggregates and ratios, correlation, regression and common size analyses. The financial aggregates analysed included all items that impact income generation as well as items that represent the financial position of the selected societies. The findings underscored that the selected SACCOSs achieved good financial results and were in strong financial position. The results also indicated a significant relationship between Net Profit ratio and Capital Employed Ratio to inform that the Net Profit Ratio was the most important explainer of Return on Capital Employed. The 5 year common size analysis also revealed a growth in income and in the financial status of the selected societies. The capital structure of these societies was characterised by substantial share of internal funds. Conclusively, maintaining an optimal balance between the interest on loans and interest on members' savings, and investing extra cash in diversified portfolio to reduce the risk levels would make the SACCOSs grow and function more productively and profitably. They would also then succeed in attracting more members and thereby significantly contribute towards poverty reduction and economic diversification drives in the country.

The study evaluated the financial performance of three listed commercial banks in Botswana for the period 2011-2015 applying the CAMEL model. The study used the secondary data sourced from the annual reports of the listed banks. Results indicate that selected banks were highly leveraged and that their liquidity position was sound. The correlation analysis revealed that Earning per share had a significant positive correlation with liquidity ratio of total customer deposits to total assets and that leverage ratio was significantly negatively correlated to the ratio of equity capital to assets. Other CAMEL ratios were not significantly correlated to Earnings Per Share. The regression analysis showed that Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Earning ability and Managerial efficiency had no significant relationship with selected banks' performance measured in terms of Earnings per share. On the other hand, the Liquidity position of these banks was found to be significantly related to the performance of selected banks at 5% significance level. The findings also indicated that, overall, the selected banks performed well during the study period in terms of most of the parameters of CAMEL model with adequate capital and assets when compared to benchmarks. The earning capacity of the selected banks was also on the increase. The findings of this study will be helpful to the management of selected banks in making appropriate managerial decisions.