From fragmentary historical notes and native legends, we are accorded a somewhat hazy view of flood‐phenomena under primitive conditions and are led to the conclusion that those phenomena occasionally assumed proportions approaching more or less closely to those observed during the later record period. Reasoning from cause to effect and consideration of specific examples in many localities, support the opinion that frequencies as well as magnitudes have increased, resulting either directly or indirectly from man's occupation and disturbance of the drainage‐areas, the vegetal cover, the flood‐plains, and facilities for surface‐detention.

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From official observations up to and including the year 1852, and published the following year under the title “Ellet on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers,” CHARLES EL LET, Jr., reported the mean annual discharge of the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia, as 835,000,000,000 cubic feet (26.500 cfs), from 24,500 square miles of drainage‐area, according to daily records covering all but a few months of the 11‐year period, 1838 to 1848. Likewise, for the Mississippi River below Red River Junction, Louisiana, he reported a mean annual discharge of 21,000,000,000,000 cubic feet(565.000 cfs), based on the measurements and intermittent records of those early years, mostly identified with Professor C. G. FORSHEY, Lieutenant ROBERT A, MARR (commanding the Memphis Navy Yard), GEORGE GORDON MEADE (later Major General, United States Army), and himself.

This paper demonstrates the use of fuzzy clustering to characterize Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). We argue that classifying small areas based on variables related to the amount, type, and currency of VGI can provide a more nuanced understanding of the content. We present a classification of 2011 UK Census Output Areas in Leicestershire (UK) based on content of OpenStreetMap, using a fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm, and we compare the resulting classification with a 'standard' socio-economic geodemographic classification.

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