CONTEXT: Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disorder in youth and is of multifactorial etiology. Severe forms of acne are often therapy resistant. AIMS: To determine bacteria involved in acne vulgaris and to determine the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity of aerobic isolates. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Samples from skin lesions of study group (80 patients) and normal skin of control group (20 patients) were collected by sterile swabs. The specimens were used for aerobic and anaerobic culture at 37°C. The isolates were subjected to biochemical tests for identification. All the aerobic isolates were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing by disc diffusion method. RESULTS: High incidence of acne was found in the age group of 13-20 years (76.25%). Males were more affected than females. Pustules (76.25%) were the commonest presentation. Students (71.25%) were more commonly affected. Among aerobic isolates (71.24%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (54.38%) was the most common organism. Among the anaerobes, Propionibacterium acnes (55.17) were the most common. Among the aerobic isolates, most were sensitive to Minocycline followed by Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, Cephalexin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole and Ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, acne affected individuals were young males, especially students, with pustules being the commonest presentation. Staphylococcus epidermidis, the dominant organism isolated was susceptible to Ofloxacin, Minocycline and Azithromycin.

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Tourniquets used repeatedly on patients for blood sampling are a potential source of Nosocomial infections. Reusable venesection Tourniquets are often used consecutively on multiple patients without disinfection between uses. The present study was conducted to isolate the potentially pathogenic bacteria from reusable Tourniquets and to study their antibiotic resistance pattern. The study was conducted in King George Hospital (KGH), tertiary care teaching hospital in Vizag, Andhra Pradesh. Swabs from 50 Tourniquets of various areas in the hospital were taken for the study in December 2015. The samples were transported immediately to the lab in BHI broth and inoculated onto sheep blood agar and McConkey's agar, incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. Isolation and identification of the organisms were done by a standard procedure in the laboratory. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar. Cefoxitin (30mcg ) was used to detect MRSA and Ceftazidime and Ceftazidim+Clavulonate (30/10mcg ) discs were used for ESBL producers and the zones of inhibition were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. Out of the 50 Tourniquets, 8 were from sample collection sites, 9 from ICU's, 2 from casualty and 31 from various wards. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 36 (72%) Tourniquets out of 50 and non-pathogenic environmental commensals were isolated from 14 (28%). Gram positive cocci were the predominant isolates 19 (52.8%) followed by gram-negative bacilli 17 (47.2%). Among total isolates 44.4% and among GPC 84.2%were staph aureus and 13.6% (3) were enterococci. Among GNB, klebsiella species were predominant (10) followed by E.coli (5), Pseudomonas species (2) and acinetobacter species (2). MRSA was detected in 2 (12.5%) strains of Staph aureus and ESBLs were detected in 3 (17.6%). All the 3 Enterococci were sensitive to vancomycin. 1. Tourniquets are a potential reservoir and vehicle for the spread of nosocomial infections, including MROs. 2. Regular surveillance and sterilisation or disinfection policy for Tourniquets are recommended in Infection Control programme to decrease hospital acquired infections and multi-drug resistant organisms.

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a ubiquitous pathogen causing various infections in humans. The emergence of drug resistance in S. aureus, especially methicillin resistance, has made treating these infections increasingly tricky, with only a few antibiotics being effective. Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, and Linezolid are the antibiotics of choice for treating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, though occasional resistance to these antibiotics has also been reported. Aim: To know the prevalence of MRSA and subject the MRSA isolates to linezolid and teicoplanin susceptibility testing by Epsilometer test (E-test). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done between April 2021 and March 2022. A total of 210 consecutive S. aureus isolates from various clinical samples were isolated and processed in the Department of Microbiology, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Screening for methicillin resistance was done by cefoxitin disc diffusion testing and Chromogenic agar (CHROMagar) MRSA, with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) S. aureus 25923 strain as a negative control and a known in-house strain was used as a positive control. All the MRSA isolates were tested for linezolid and teicoplanin susceptibility for the E-test to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2019, and International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for analysis. Results: Out of 210 S. aureus, 100 (47.6%) were MRSA isolates. MRSA was predominantly isolated from pus (58%), sputum (19%), and urine (9%) samples. Higher resistance was observed against cotrimoxazole (72%), ciprofloxacin (54%), and amikacin (37%). Teicoplanin and linezolid were both susceptible in all of the isolates. MIC50 and MIC90 against linezolid and teicoplanin was 0.5 and 1 mcg/mL and 0.5 and 0.75 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: MRSA isolates are increasingly becoming resistant to multiple antibiotics. Linezolid and glycopeptides are still the mainstays for treating MRSA infections, as most isolates are susceptible to these drugs.

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