Rationale and objectives Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been utilized as a means of producing high-quality simulation models for trainees in procedure-intensive or surgical subspecialties. However, less is known about its role for trainee education within interventional radiology (IR). Thus, the purpose of this review was to assess the state of current literature regarding the use of 3D printed simulation models in IR procedural simulation experiences. Materials and methods A literature query was conducted through April 2020 for articles discussing three-dimensional printing for simulations in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases using key terms relating to 3D printing, radiology, simulation, training, and interventional radiology. Results We identified a scarcity of published sources, 4 total articles, that appraised the use of three-dimensional printing for simulation training in IR. While trainee feedback is generally supportive of the use of three-dimensional printing within the field, current applications utilizing 3D printed models are heterogeneous, reflecting a lack of best practices standards in the realm of medical education. Conclusions Presently available literature endorses the use of three-dimensional printing within interventional radiology as a teaching tool. Literature documenting the benefits of 3D printed models for IR simulation has the potential to expand within the field, as it offers a straightforward, sustainable, and reproducible means for hands-on training that ought to be standardized.

Objectives: The purpose of this review was to assess the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing in interventional radiology (IR) simulation experiences.Materials and Methods: A literature query was conducted in April 2020 for articles discussing 3D printing for simulations in numerous library databases using various search terms.Results: While trainee feedback is generally supportive of 3D printing within the field of IR, current applications utilizing 3D printed models are heterogeneous, reflecting a lack of best practices standards in the realm of medical education.Conclusions: Presently available literature endorses the use of 3D printing within IR. 3D printing has the potential to expand within the field, as it offers a straightforward, sustainable, and reproducible means for hands-on training that ought to be standardized.

were most liked and shared to develop more appealing and relevant videos. Conclusions: The "Day in the Life of IR" video series was implemented to foster interest in IR, recruit future IRs, and provide information to medical and undergraduate students who cannot shadow due to the current COVID-19 epidemic. We hope to ignite a passion or curiosity for IR to recruit brilliant minds to this specialty.

Arterial thromboembolism can lead to ischemic injury and may be resistant to more traditional methods of removal, leading to prolonged or unsuccessful endovascular treatments. Basket distal protection wires (DPWs), initially designed to trap distal emboli during endovascular procedures, can be an alternate method of retrieving thromboemboli within occluded vasculature when other methods are unsuccessful or undesirable. We investigate the safety and efficacy of performing basket thrombectomy in patients with arterial thromboembolism at our institution. Materials and Methods: A retrospective search of the electronic medical records of our institution was conducted to identify cases of arterial thromboembolism that underwent basket thrombectomy with DPWs. Patient's medical history, laboratory values, and imaging studies including angiography were reviewed. A total of 12 patients with arterial thromboembolism that underwent 14 attempts of basket thrombectomy were identified. The age range of the patients was 46 to 86 years old, with a mean of 70. There were 10 male and 2 female patients. Indications for basket thrombectomy included acute limb ischemia in 8 patients (67%), peripheral artery disease in 3 patients (25%), and acute mesenteric ischemia in 1 patient (8%). Results: All 14 attempts of basket thrombectomy were preceded by at least one other treatment modality. There were 11 attempts in the lower extremity arteries, 2 in the upper extremity arteries, and 1 in the superior mesenteric artery. Arterial flow improvement was successful in 11 attempts (79%). All patients tolerated the procedure well and had no immediate postprocedural complications. Conclusions: Basket thrombectomy, a modified application of DPWs, demonstrates the potential to be an effective adjunctive intervention for arterial thromboembolism.

Examinations were performed on Siemens Prisma Fit 3.0 Tesla (n ¼ 3), TIM Trio 3.0 Tesla (n ¼ 2), or Avanto 1.5 Tesla (n ¼ 1) MR scanners. Multiplanar pre-and post-contrast HASTE, T1 vibe, and high-resolution breath-held 3D MRA were acquired. Post processing included reconstruction of multiplanar images, MIP images and 3-D volume rendered images in OsiriX software (Pixmeo; Bernex, Switzerland) and Vitrea software (Vital Images; Minnetonka, MN). Results: All six FE-MRA examinations were technically successful and were diagnostic in the immediate identification of aortic stent endoleaks. The site of endoleak was identified on early steady state imaging and no patients required delayed imaging for diagnosis. Type IA (n ¼ 3), type IB (n ¼ 1), and type II (n ¼ 2) endoleaks were identified. Type II endoleaks included retrograde filling from the inferior mesenteric artery and right lumbar artery. Furthermore, a single patient with three exams over nine months consistently demonstrated a stable large type IA endoleak from the superior aspect of the endograft. No immediate or delayed adverse reactions were observed. Conclusions: In patients with history of EVAR and chronic renal failure or allergy to conventional intravenous contrast agents, ferumoxytol enhanced MRA holds promise for safe and effective evaluation of aortic stent endoleaks.