This study aims to determine the chemical and physical composition and antibacterial activity of glasswort. Soxhlet extraction of S. europaea was performed using Hexane and analyzed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry. Alpha-tocopherol content was analysed by using Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The elemental analysis was investigated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The crystallographic texture and composition of powder samples were determined by X-ray diffraction. The Minimum Inhibition Concentrations and inhibition zones extracts of S. europaea were performed by spectrophotometric broth microdilution and disc diffusion methods, respectively, against 4 bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and 2 fungi (Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis). Alpha-tocopherol quantity and oil content of S. europaea were found to be 2.1±0.3mg/100 g and 15.15 %, respectively. The detected minerals were also found as Na 447, Mg 51.98, K 45.86, Ca 14.27 ppm. The highest minimum inhibition concentration was 0.9 mg/mL against E. coli in methanol extract (p˂0.05). The highest mean inhibition zones diameter was 3.8 mm for methanol extracts against B. subtilis (p˂0.05). As a result, the extract and oil of S. europaea can be used as potential bioactive and antimicrobial agents for pharmaceutical and cosmetics applications.

Purpose: To investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial effects of certain biochemical compounds in the epidermal mucus secretions of fish and to demonstrate their potential for biomedical applications.Methods: Crude, aqueous, and acidic epidermal mucus samples were collected from live ray specimens. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were performed to identify the biochemical compounds present in the mucus. The spectrophotometric broth microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the mucus extracts. The bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumonia, were used for the tests, as well as the fungal strains, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans.Results: GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of several hydrocarbon-derived compounds in the epidermal mucus of the two ray species. The acidic extract of G. altavela epidermal mucus produced a high MIC value, indicating the highest inhibitory effect of 8.64 μL against E. coli, while the crude extract of G. altavela epidermal mucus (41.13 μL against B. subtilis) was the least effective. Conclusion: Epidermal mucus extracts, especially when acid-based, displays strong antimicrobial properties against all the tested pathogens. These findings suggest the plants possess some potential for the development of novel antimicrobial components for applications in medicine. Keywords: Fish, Ray species, Epidermal mucus, Antimicrobial properties, Bioactive compounds