A three-dimensional nonlinear Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (K–P) wave equation is derived to discuss the solitons in multicomponent plasma contaminated with negative ions. A new formalism of the simple wave solution method is developed for finding the soliton behaviors caused by the presence of negative ions in plasmas. It is seen that the nonlinear wave equation leads, in some cases, to an ordinary differential equation and a straight way for solving the soliton propagation in plasmas. The overall observations describe the natures of compressive and rarefactive solitons along with the shock-like wave caused by the interaction of negative ions. Also discussed are the possible controls of the scenarios of soliton behaviors. Moreover it is believed, from present investigations, that the observations of collapses or explosions in solitons could enhance the understanding of the soliton phenomena in laboratory and space plasmas.

Books published by the Center include undergraduate, graduate, and workshop textbooks; handbooks and manuals; reference books; monographs; specialized reviews; and DOE-sponsored symposium, workshop, and short-course proceedings. FOR E w ORD This publication is the second in the Advances in Fusion Science and Engineering series, a part of the DOE Critical Review Series. The purpose of the Advances in Fusion Science and Engineering series is to provide the fusion research community with high-quality reviews in specialized areas of fusion science and engineering. Although Alfvtn waves have been the subject of study in space plasmas for a long time, only recently have plasma dimensions and betas reached sufficiently high values to make it possible to study Alfvtn waves in the laboratory. Auxiliary heating by means of Alfvdn waves has been tried both in the United States and abroad. Preliminary indications are that heating may be possible with the very high absorption efficiency predicted by theory. Because of the localized nature of wave conversion, Alfvin waves have the potential of providing plasma profile control. Alfvdn waves have recently been proposed for space-resolved measurement of magnetic fields in tokamaks and may become important as a diagnostic tool in the future. This monograph deals with. the properties of Alfvin waves and with their application to fusion. The book is divided into seven chapters dealing with linear properties in homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas. Absorption is treated by means of kinetic theory. Instabilities and nonlinear processes are treated in Chapters 1 to 6 , and the closing chapter is devoted to theory and experiments in plasma heating by Alfvtn waves. V vi FOREWORD I n view of the growink importance to the tokamak program of auxiliary heating by means of electromagnetic waves, I believe this monograph will fill a need for an exposition of the essential elements of AlfvCn waves, with emphasis on geometries relevant to tokamaks. The extensive reference section at the end of each chapter will assist the reader in expanding his knowledge of the subject.

A simple model of plasma with two positive and one negative ionic species is used to study the effect of negative ions on the crossover frequencies in a multicomponent plasma. Both qualitative and quantitative results show very interesting features of the existence and behavior of crossover frequencies, especially when the negative ion mass has a value intermediate to the values of the two positive ion masses.

It is shown that, although the mathematical analysis of the Alfvén-wave equation does not show any variation at non-zero or zero singular points, the role of surface waves in the physical mechanism of resonant absorption of Alfvén waves is very different at these points. This difference becomes even greater when resistivity is taken into account. At the neutral point the zero-frequency surface waves that are symmetric surface modes of the structured neutral layer couple to the tearing mode instability of the layer. The importance of this study for the energy balance in tearing modes and the association of surface waves with driven magnetic reconnection is also pointed out.

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