MrrcHei.t., C . , and STEVENS, C. 'I\'. (1969). Priiniparous und Mttltiparous Monkey Mothers in a .hlildly Stressful Social Situation: First Three hJonths. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, l(4): [280][281][282][283][284][285][286]. Eight primiparous rhesus monkey mothers were matched with 8 multiparous rhesus monkey mothers with regard to date of delivery and sex of infant. Each niothei-was housed and tested individually with her infant to preclude the compensating effects of peer experience. The test situation involved transporting each mother-infant pair from the home cage to a test cage of similar size where the pair was visually exposed to a strange mother-infant pair and human observers. The prirniparous mothers looked at. threatened, fear grimaced, and lip-smacked to these social stimuli significantly more frequently than did the multiparous females. In addition, the inexperienced mothers stroked or petted their infants significantly more frequently than the experienced mothers. T h e results support the idea that primiparous mothers are more "anxious" or concerned for their infants' welfare than are multiparous mothers. The first child tjpically 1xc;iks tiail-that is the parcnts learn about children the hai-d way, by practicing on their first born, who is on the receiving end not only of their fumblings, uncertainties, and do\vni-ight mistakes. but m;iy also bear the brunt of the excessive anxiety and o v e i ptotecti\cness often expcncleti on a first child. (Pp. 152-159).Differences between first-and seconcl-borns are also related to the prenatal environment of the inexperienced mother, Iieritable factors, sibling rivalry, or absence of siblings in early life. Although the area of maternal anxiety and overprotection is of primary concern here, the present report attempts only to demonstrate an overall difference between the mothers Rcccivctl for publication 10 February, 1969. 280of first-borns and the mothers of subsequent infants.

Horses belong to the order Perissodactyla and bear the majority of their weight on their third toe; therefore, tremendous force is applied to each hoof. An inherited disease characterized by a phenotype restricted to the dorsal hoof wall was identified in the Connemara pony. Hoof wall separation disease (HWSD) manifests clinically as separation of the dorsal hoof wall along the weight-bearing surface of the hoof during the first year of life. Parents of affected ponies appeared clinically normal, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. A case-control allelic genome wide association analysis was performed (ncases = 15, ncontrols = 24). Population stratification (λ = 1.48) was successfully improved by removing outliers (ncontrols = 7) identified on a multidimensional scaling plot. A genome-wide significant association was detected on chromosome 8 (praw = 1.37x10-10, pgenome = 1.92x10-5). A homozygous region identified in affected ponies spanned from 79,936,024-81,676,900 bp and contained a family of 13 annotated SERPINB genes. Whole genome next-generation sequencing at 6x coverage of two cases and two controls revealed 9,758 SNVs and 1,230 indels within the ~1.7-Mb haplotype, of which 17 and 5, respectively, segregated with the disease and were located within or adjacent to genes. Additional genotyping of these 22 putative functional variants in 369 Connemara ponies (ncases = 23, ncontrols = 346) and 169 horses of other breeds revealed segregation of three putative variants adjacent or within four SERPIN genes. Two of the variants were non-coding and one was an insertion within SERPINB11 that introduced a frameshift resulting in a premature stop codon. Evaluation of mRNA levels at the proximal hoof capsule (ncases = 4, ncontrols = 4) revealed that SERPINB11 expression was significantly reduced in affected ponies (p<0.001). Carrier frequency was estimated at 14.8%. This study describes the first genetic variant associated with a hoof wall specific phenotype and suggests a role of SERPINB11 in maintaining hoof wall structure.

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