Pharmacology is the study of how medicines and other drugs work and are processed by the body. 1 As such, pharmacology undergraduates require a comprehensive understanding of both in vitro and in vivo drug responses. Despite advances in molecular biologic techniques, studies in isolated cells and tissues do not fully model the complex interactions observed in whole organisms. Currently, in vivo validation remains critical in the drug discovery and development process. 2 In order to limit the use of animal models at this preclinic stage, the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement, the 3Rs, 3 aims to address the potential harms to animals while supporting high-quality science and translation by addressing the benefits of this research. 4 Animal use in pharmacology education has steadily declined in the last 30 years, with their use in education and training accounting for <1% of in vivo experimental procedures in 2019 5 and <2% of students taught in vivo skills during their degree. 6