Context: Widespread digital retouching of advertising imagery in the fashion, beauty, and other consumer industries promotes unrealistic beauty standards that have harmful effects on public health. In particular, exposure to misleading beauty imagery is linked with greater body dissatisfaction, worse mood, poorer self-esteem, and increased risk for disordered eating behaviors. Moreover, given the social, psychological, medical, and economic burden of eating disorders, there is an urgent need to address environmental risk factors and to scale up prevention efforts by increasing the regulation of digitally altered advertising imagery. Methods: This manuscript summarizes the health research literature linking digital retouching of advertising to increased risk of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction in consumers, followed by a review of global policy initiatives designed to regulate digital retouching to reduce health harms to consumers. Next, we turn to the US legal context, reporting on findings generated through legal research via Westlaw and LexisNexis, congressional records, federal agency websites, law review articles, and Supreme Court opinions, in addition to consulting legal experts on both tax law and the First Amendment, to evaluate the viability of various policy initiatives proposed to strengthen regulation on digital retouching in the United States. Findings: Influencing advertising practices via tax incentives combined with corporate social responsibility initiatives may be the most constitutionally feasible options for the US legal context to reduce the use of digitally alternated images of models' bodies in advertising. Conclusions: Policy and corporate initiatives to curtail use of digitally altered images found to be harmful to mental and behavioral health of consumers could reduce the burden of eating disorders, disordered weight and appearance control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction and thereby improve population health in the United States.

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Short-term improvements in retinal anatomy are known to occur in preclinical models of photoreceptor transplantation. However, correlative changes over the long term are poorly understood. We aimed to develop a quantifiable imaging biomarker grading scheme, using noninvasive multimodal confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging, to enable serial evaluation of photoreceptor transplantation over the long term. Methods: Photoreceptor cell suspensions or sheets from rhodopsin-green fluorescent protein mice were transplanted subretinally, into either NOD.CB17-Prkdc scid /J or C3H/HeJ-Pde6b rd1 mice. Multimodal cSLO imaging was performed serially for up to three months after transplantation. Imaging biomarkers were scored, and a grade was defined for each eye by integrating the scores. Image grades were correlated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) data. Results: Multimodal imaging enabled the extraction of quantitative imaging biomarkers including graft size, GFP intensity, graft length, on-target graft placement, intra-graft lamination, hemorrhage, retinal atrophy, and periretinal proliferation. Migration of transplanted material was observed. Changes in biomarker scores and grades were detected in 14/16 and 7/16 eyes, respectively. A high correlation was found between image grades and IHC parameters. Conclusions: Serial evaluation of multiple imaging biomarkers, when integrated into a per-eye grading scheme, enabled comprehensive tracking of longitudinal changes in photoreceptor cell grafts over time. The application of systematic multimodal in vivo imaging could be useful in increasing the efficiency of preclinical retinal cell transplantation studies in rodents and other animal models. Translational Relevance: By allowing longitudinal evaluation of the same animal over time, and providing quantifiable biomarkers, non-invasive multimodal imaging improves the efficiency of retinal transplantation studies in animal models. Such assays will facilitate the development of cell therapy for retinal diseases.

32Purpose: Short-term improvements in retinal anatomy are known to occur in preclinical models 33 of photoreceptor transplantation. However, correlative changes over the long term are poorly 34 understood. We aimed to develop a quantifiable imaging biomarker grading scheme, using non-35 invasive multimodal confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) imaging, to enable serial 36 evaluation of photoreceptor transplantation over the long term. 37Methods: Yellow-green fluorescent microspheres were transplanted into the vitreous cavity 38 and/or subretinal space of C57/BL6J mice. Photoreceptor cell suspensions or sheets from 39 rhodopsin-green fluorescent protein mice were transplanted subretinally, into either NOD.CB17-40 Prkdc scid /J or C3H/HeJ-Pde6b rd1 mice. Multimodal cSLO imaging was performed serially for up 41 to three months after transplantation. Imaging biomarkers were scored, and a grade was defined 42 for each eye by integrating the scores. Image grades were correlated with immunohistochemistry 43 (IHC) data. 44 Results: Multimodal imaging enabled the extraction of quantitative imaging biomarkers 45 including graft size, GFP intensity, graft length, on-target graft placement, intra-graft lamination, 46 hemorrhage, retinal atrophy, and peri-retinal proliferation. Migration of transplanted material 47 increasing the efficiency of preclinical retinal cell transplantation studies in rodents and other 53 animal models. 54 Key words: degenerative retinal diseases, age-related macular degeneration, stem cell therapy, 55 xenotransplantation, photoreceptor cell, retinal organoid, confocal scanning laser 56 ophthalmoscopy 57 Photoreceptor transplantation is being developed as a therapeutic modality to restore vision in 59 people affected by retinal degenerative diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-60 related macular degeneration (AMD) 1-6 . Short term improvements in outer retinal anatomy after 61 photoreceptor cell transplantation have been observed, mainly by histological staining in 62 preclinical models of retinal degeneration 4,7 . However, histology is a relatively inefficient 63 method to track graft and recipient anatomy longitudinally over the long term. Histological 64 assays are labor-intensive, require large initial cohorts of recipients, and face the challenge of 65 recipient attrition over time. Non-invasive imaging could facilitate the longitudinal evaluation of 66 retinal anatomy in relatively smaller cohorts of recipient animals over time, without the need to 67 sacrifice animals at every assessment time point. 68 Recent advances in imaging techniques have enabled detailed imaging studies in mouse models 69 of retinal disease and regeneration 8-10 . Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) can be 70 used to capture images in multiple imaging modes, including short-wavelength fluorescence 71 (SWF) excitation (488 nm) to detect photoreceptor cells labeled with green fluorescent protein 72 (GFP) in mouse recipients 1 . Multicolor reflectance (MR) imaging combines blue (488 nm)...