Combinatorial effects of xenobiotics in water on health may occur even at levels within current acceptable guidelines for individual chemicals. Herein, we took advantage of the sensitivity of the immune system and an avian animal model to examine the impact of xenobiotic mixtures on animal health. Water was derived from an underground well in Alberta, Canada and met guidelines for consumption, but contained a number of contaminants. Changes to chicken immunity were evaluated following acute (7d) exposure to contaminated water under basal and immune challenged conditions. An increase in resident macrophages and a decrease in CD8+ lymphocytes were identified in the abdominal cavity, which served as a relevant site where immune leukocytes could be examined. Subsequent intra-abdominal immune stimulation detected differential in vivo acute inflammatory responses to fungal and bacterial challenges. Leukocyte recruitment into the challenge site and activation of phagocyte antimicrobial responses were affected. These functional responses paralleled molecular changes in the expression for pro-inflammatory and regulatory genes. In all, this study primarily highlights dysregulation of phagocyte responses following acute (7d) exposure of poultry to contaminated water. Given that production food animals hold a unique position at the interface of animal, environmental and human health, this emphasizes the need to consider the impact of xenobiotic mixtures in our assessments of water quality.

A case is stated for the need for error checking, tracing, and dumping. Consideration is given to the types of errors which must be checked for. Examples are given which demonstrate the need that all these errors be checked at run time in ALGOL 68. Tracing and dumping are discussed, with emphasis on those aspects of ALGOL 68 which make them difficult. Some possible solutions to these problems are offered. An outline of the facilities provided in the FLASC system is given.

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The light has stripped my body of its reticence, of its unsure waist, of its self-conscious hips, instead I am left not with my body, but with its surroundings, with the stained glass of Japanese Maple leaves above, with lightly moving grass, I had never felt the ripple of before. The scent of the Mock Orange heavy around me, like a second weather pattern, layered under the blue, the clouds shifting to reveal nothing but more sky, a revelation, a reverence, in its own right, the stellar jays whistling a tune so different from hallelujah.