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A new way to explore the world of work has evolved after several years of field testing with employment service applicants and high school youth. The method uses small‐sized groups and structured interaction with a sequenced program for job search and planning. In a recent experimental‐control study concurrent in eight different states, the group members were found to have gained twice the number of jobs, gained in positive employability perceptions, and showed reduced social alienation. The groups are conducted for five members at a time. The short program takes two hours; the long program takes five sessions of three‐quarters of an hour each. Group leaders are prepared by trainers who have also been leaders. The training is experiential, with skills acquired through group interaction largely in the form of “circle games” (participative exercises developed for this program), by roleplaying, by observations, by helping others to learn, and by actually conducting a group with live members.

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Definitions for counseling have changed focus somewhat since the report by Callis (1963), in which counseling was viewed more in terms of client self-statements of vocational, educational, personal, or social needs. Opinions from outside the counseling profession were used to establish definitions of role function, and the counseling process was viewed from the vantage point of the client. There was concern, too, as to whether the client should be advised or counseled, and the terms themselves denoted an element of prestige for the counselor.Recent research and writing has reflected relatively more emphasis on the counselor-his personal characteristics and goals and his procedural facilities in various settings. The basic problem still has been the identification of a counseling model, but proposals are sought more from inside than from outside the profession.In this review, function is defined as purpose-the goals, the identity of the counselor, and the culturally valued reasons why he exists. Process, on the other hand, is seen as the means used to reach the goals-the procedures for counseling structure and the techniques used to implement the art. The terms counselor model (function) and procedural model (process) have been used to classify and review current attitudes, issues, and the existing progress reports.