Pigeons performed delayed matching-to-sample tasks in which comparison stimuli were always red and green disks. In Experiments 1 and 2, trials began with samples of color (red or green). Delayed matching to these samples of stimuli was disrupted by delay-interval illumination (retroactive interference) and short intertrial intervals (proactive interference). Different numbers of responses (fixed ratio 1 or fixed ratio 20) functioned as samples in Experiments 3-5. Delayed-matching accuracy was reduced by short intertrial intervals (ITIs) and by delay-interval illumination; the degree of houselight-produced interference depended on amount of light but not on its point of interpolation within the delay. In Experiments 6-8, samples were occurrences or nonoccurrences of reinforcement (food or no food). Delayed matching was harmed by short ITIs and by delay-interval illumination; the magnitude of the illumination effect depended more on amount of light than on point of interpolation. The common effects of interference treatments on memories for stimuli, responses, and reinforcers suggest that similar processes may underly short-term retention of various events. These data complete evidence that pigeons', monkeys', and dolphins' delayed-matching performances are similarly affected by retroactively and proactively interfering treatments.

Several authors have recently discussed the implications of classical condittoning tor consumer behavior (e.g., McSweeney and Bierley 1984;Nord and Peter 1980). However, little wnpirical evidence actually shows that classicaJ conditioning can alter behaviors that are of interest to consumer research. The present experiment provides some initial evidence that it can. in this experiment, preference ratings for stimuli that predicted pleasant music were significantly greater than preference ratings for stimuli that predicted the absence of music. These preferences also generalized to other stimuli that resembled the ones actually used.

The present paper examines the implications of recent developments in classical conditioning for consumer research. It discusses the finding that the conditioned response need not resemble the unconditioned response, and that the conditioned stimulus must predict but not necessarily precede the unconditioned stimulus for conditioning to occur. The paper also considers the implications of several situations in which classical conditioning may unexpectedly fail to occur, several of the characteristics of classically conditioned behavior, and the role of awareness in conditioning.

Gonadectomy on the 1st day of life had no effect on the acquisition of DRL behavior by male rats. Together with other findings. the current results suggest that endogenous androgens are relatively unimportant in the development of sex differences in DRL performance during postnatal life.

Correlations between scores on the Intellectual Processes Subscale of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and IQs from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were studied in a group of 81 men and women who covered a broad age range and were free of psychiatric or neurological impairments. The correlations were compared to those reported in other studies based upon hospitalized patients. Regression formulas developed in this study were also compared to regression formulas based on responses of hospitalized patients. The ability of previous regression formulas to predict the IQs of the present subjects was examined. The comparative accuracy of multiple regression formulas, using optimum combinations of Luria-Nebraska subscales, and univariate regression formulas, using only the Intellectual Processes subscale, in the prediction of IQs indicated that the Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes subscale works differently for hospitalized patients than unimpaired subjects. The accuracy of univariate and multivariate regression formulas was not appreciably different.