Filamentous fungi produce a great variety of enzymes, and research on their biotechnological potential has recently intensified. The objective of this work was to identify, at the species level, using DNA barcoding, 46 fungal isolates obtained from maize grains with rot symptoms. We also analyzed the production of extracellular amylases, cellulases, proteases and lipases of 33 of those fungal isolates. The enzymatic activities were evaluated by the formation of a clear halo or a white precipitate around the colonies in defined substrate media. The found fungi belong to the genera Talaromyces, Stenocarpella, Penicillium, Phlebiopsis, Cladosporium, Hyphopichia, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Irpex, Fusarium, Microdochium, Mucor and Sarocladium. In the genus Fusarium, the species Fusarium verticillioides was predominant and this genus presented the highest diversity, followed by the genera Aspergillus. The best genera for lipase production were Cladosporium and Penicillium; while Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium were best for cellulase activity; Hyphopichia, Aspergillus and Irpex for amylase activity; and Cladosporium and Sarocladium for proteases activity. In conclusion, a collection of fungi from maize seeds presenting rotten symptoms were obtained, among which exist important producers of hydrolases.
Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans are important fungal pathogens of maize and other cereals worldwide. In this study, we developed PCR-based protocols for the identification of these pathogens targeting the gaoB gene, which codes for galactose oxidase. The designed primers recognized isolates of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans that were obtained from maize seeds from several producing regions of Brazil but did not recognize other Fusarium spp. or other fungal genera that were either obtained from fungal collections or isolated from maize seeds. A multiplex PCR protocol was established to simultaneously detect the genomic DNA from F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans. This protocol could detect the DNA from these fungi growing in artificially or naturally infected maize seeds. Another multiplex reaction with a pair of primers developed in this work combined with a pre-existing pair of primers has allowed identifying F. subglutinans, F. konzum, and F. thapsinum. In addition, the identification of F. nygamai was also possible using a combination of two PCR reactions described in this work, and another described in the literature.
Este artigo trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a produção de um livro acerca do sistema de saúde de 35 países, ensino médico e o respectivo manejo da pandemia de COVID-19. O objetivo do trabalho foi a educação em saúde coletiva mundial, com contextualização socioeconômica e cultural. Participaram do projeto 189 alunos do curso de Medicina, de ambos os sexos e variadas idades, sob supervisão do professor responsável. Os acadêmicos foram divididos em grupos e os países escolhidos e distribuídos entre eles. Dentre os países incluídos no livro, cita-se: Alemanha, Argentina, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos, Espanha, Inglaterra, e outros. O trabalho foi inteiramente realizado de forma online, devido as medidas de restrição social, assim, os grupos tiveram reuniões apenas por aplicativos digitais. Foram levantados dados referentes ao histórico do sistema de saúde público e privado, a formação profissional em Medicina e o enfrentamento da pandemia. Além disso, os grupos entrevistaram um cidadão e um médico de cada país acerca de suas opiniões sobre os sistemas de saúde. Apesar das implicações dos meios digitais de interação, que impediram que os grupos se encontrassem pessoalmente, a experiência permitiu o trabalho em conjunto dos alunos, a produção de um material científico de alta qualidade, os quais reconheceram as características dos sistemas de saúde de cada país, bem como, as dificuldades encontradas diante de uma situação de calamidade, como a atual pandemia.
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